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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2023.029</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-15</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние средних и малых доз ионизирующего излучения на высшую нервную деятельность человека и животных</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The effect of moderate and low doses of ionizing radiation on higher nervous activity of humans and animals</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атаманюк</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Atamanyuk</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Игоревна Атаманюк</p><p>ул. Воровского, д. 68 А, г. Челябинск, 454141</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia I. Atamanyuk</p><p>Vorovskogo, 68A, Chelyabinsk, 454141</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vita_pulhra@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский научно-практический центр радиационной медицины Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine of Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Атаманюк Н.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Атаманюк Н.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Atamanyuk N.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/15">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/15</self-uri><abstract><p>Данные о влиянии высоких доз ионизирующего излучения на центральную нервную систему человека указывают на развитие когнитивной дисфункции и повышение риска развития злокачественных новообразований. При этом нарастает обеспокоенность по поводу возможного воздействия низких и умеренных доз ионизирующего излучения, действия хронического облучения на когнитивные функции и отдаленные эффекты в виде развития нейродегенеративных заболеваний. Имеются как эпидемиологические, так и экспериментальные свидетельства когнитивных эффектов низких и средних доз ионизирующего излучения. Механизмы, лежащие в их основе, касаются нарушения нормального нейрогенеза в области гиппокампа, развития длительно поддерживающегося нейровоспаления, нарушения синаптической пластичности, энергетического обмена и оксидативного статуса. Наибольшую чувствительность к радиационным эффектам со стороны центральной нервной системы организм проявляет в период активного формирования мозга. Последствия облучения в наиболее чувствительном периоде могут сохраняться в течение нескольких месяцев и лет или же проявиться только со временем, в пожилом возрасте. В целях повышения радиационной безопасности, для разработки средств профилактики и лечения радиационно-индуцированных нарушений со стороны ЦНС дальнейшие исследования должны быть направлены на установление причинно-следственных связей между хроническим радиационным воздействием и облучением в малых дозах и неблагоприятными эффектами со стороны ЦНС в течение длительного периода времени после облучения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>According to the available data, the effect of high doses of ionizing radiation on the human central nervous system (CNS) takes form of cognitive dysfunction and increased risk of development of malignant neoplasms. At the same time, there is a growing concern about the possible effects of low, moderate doses of ionizing radiation and chronic irradiation, on cognitive functions, as well as their potential long-term consequences manifesting as neurodegenerative diseases. There is both epidemiological and experimental evidence confirming that low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation affect cognitive abilities. The underlying mechanisms include disruption of normal neurogenesis in the hippocampus, development of long-term sustained neuroinflammation, disorders of synaptic plasticity, energy metabolism, and oxidative status. On the part of CNS, the body is most sensitive to radiation during the period of active formation of the brain. Irradiated at that time, people may suffer consequences thereof for several months and years, or have them manifesting only much later, in old age. Improvement of radiation safety and development of means and ways of prevention and treatment of radiation-induced CNS disorders require further research efforts aimed at establishing causal relationships between chronic exposure to radiation and low-dose irradiation and their adverse effects on the part of CNS in the long term post-exposure.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>высшая нервная деятельность</kwd><kwd>центральная нервная система</kwd><kwd>когнитивные функции</kwd><kwd>нейрогенез</kwd><kwd>нейровоспаление</kwd><kwd>ионизирующее излучение</kwd><kwd>малые дозы</kwd><kwd>хроническое радиационное воздействие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>higher nervous activity</kwd><kwd>central nervous system</kwd><kwd>cognitive functions</kwd><kwd>neurogenesis</kwd><kwd>neuroinflammation</kwd><kwd>ionizing radiation</kwd><kwd>low doses</kwd><kwd>chronic radiation exposure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kovalchuk A, Kolb B. 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