<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2757</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-2765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-255</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-255</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Липосомы из соевого лецитина для лимфатической доставки биологически активных веществ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Soy lecithin-based liposomes for lymphatic delivery of biologically active substances</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6056-1983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федотова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedotova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Федотова Елена Викторовна, канд. хим. наук</p><p>Ленинградская область</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Fedotova, Cand. Sci. (Chem.)</p><p>Kuzmolovsky, Leningrad region</p><p>St. Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arabka2008@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7953-7630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скворцов</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skvortsov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Скворцов Никита Владиславович</p><p>Ленинградская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita V. Skvortsov </p><p>Kuzmolovsky, Leningrad region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aelu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0190-6558</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Перевозников</surname><given-names>И. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Perevoznikov</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Перевозников Илья Евгеньевич</p><p>Ленинградская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya E. Perevoznikov </p><p>Kuzmolovsky, Leningrad region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">perevoznikov@gpech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-6100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Роговская</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rogovskaya</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Роговская Надежда Юрьевна</p><p>Ленинградская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda Yu. Rogovskaya</p><p>Kuzmolovsky, Leningrad region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nadin-r@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-6172</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бельтюков</surname><given-names>П. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beltyukov</surname><given-names>P. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бельтюков Петр Петрович, канд. мед. наук, доцент</p><p>Ленинградская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petr P. Beltyukov, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p><p>Kuzmolovsky, Leningrad region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">biochem2005@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5551-1815</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бардин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bardin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бардин Александр Александрович</p><p>Ленинградская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Bardin</p><p>Kuzmolovsky, Leningrad region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bardin@gpech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3359-3637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабаков</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Babakov</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бабаков Владимир Николаевич, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Ленинградская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir N. Babakov, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Kuzmolovsky, Leningrad region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">babakov@gpech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6077-2534</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Криворотов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivorotov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Криворотов Денис Викторович, канд. хим. наук</p><p>Ленинградская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis V. Krivorotov, Cand. Sci. (Chem.)</p><p>Kuzmolovsky, Leningrad region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">denhome@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0776-7434</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Радилов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Radilov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Радилов Андрей Станиславович, д-р. мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Ленинградская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey S. Radilov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>Kuzmolovsky, Leningrad region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.radilov@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт гигиены, профпатологии и экологии человека Федерального медико-биологического агентства; Национальный исследовательский университет ИТМО<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology; ITMO University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт гигиены, профпатологии и экологии человека Федерального медико-биологического агентства<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>320</fpage><lpage>327</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Федотова Е.В., Скворцов Н.В., Перевозников И.Е., Роговская Н.Ю., Бельтюков П.П., Бардин А.А., Бабаков В.Н., Криворотов Д.В., Радилов А.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Федотова Е.В., Скворцов Н.В., Перевозников И.Е., Роговская Н.Ю., Бельтюков П.П., Бардин А.А., Бабаков В.Н., Криворотов Д.В., Радилов А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fedotova E.V., Skvortsov N.V., Perevoznikov I.E., Rogovskaya N.Y., Beltyukov P.P., Bardin A.A., Babakov V.N., Krivorotov D.V., Radilov A.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/255">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/255</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Лимфатический путь доставки может быть перспективен для липофильных химиотерапевтических и иммуномодулирующих средств, применяемых при лечении онкологических заболеваний. Носители на основе липидов (например, липосомы) могут не только повысить растворимость и стабильность лекарственных средств, но и защитить их от разложения в желудочно-кишечном тракте. Исследование возможности лимфатической доставки липосомами биологически активных веществ позволит в дальнейшем повысить эффективность многих липофильных препаратов.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучение перспектив применения липосом первого поколения (без холестерина) из соевого лецитина в качестве возможного лимфатического носителя для биологически активных веществ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Получены липосомы из соевого лецитина, содержащие зеленый флуоресцентный белок GFP (с максимумом флуоресценции при длине волны 506 нм), методом гидратации/регидратации тонкой пленки. Для модификации некоторых липосом использовали раствор хитозана в концентрациях 1, 0,5 и 0,1%. Визуализация включения GFP в липосомы проведена методом конфокальной микроскопии. Исследования in vivo проводили в 3 группах самок мышей линии Balb/c возрастом 11–13 недель (по 3 животных в группе): контрольная группа; группа, получающая нативный флуоресцентный белок, и группа с исследуемой конструкцией (липосома, содержащая флуоресцентный белок). После введения проведен забор тонкой кишки, ее подготовка и окрашивание криосрезов. Анализ клеточной суспензии проведен на проточном цитофлуориметре CytoFLEX в конфигурации V5-B5-R3.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При оценке полученных методом гидратации тонкой пленки липосом с использованием конфокальной микроскопии установлено, что большинство частиц имело размеры в диапазоне 1–5 мкм. Включение модельного белка в липосомы, как показали результаты измерения его содержания до и после формирования липосом, составило не менее 60%. В эксперименте на мышах in vivo выявлено, что внутрижелудочное введение липосом с флуоресцентным белком позволяет обеспечить доставку белка в стенку кишечника.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Применение метода гидратации тонкой пленки позволило получить липосомы из соевого лецитина. Методом конфокальной микроскопии проведена оценка размера полученных липосом и качественно оценено включение в них зеленого флуоресцентного белка. Включение хитозана в оболочку липосом приводило к значительной агрегации конечного продукта, что может приводить к снижению эффективности доставки липосом в клетки. Конфокальная микроскопия криосрезов и цитофлуориметрический анализ клеточных суспензий, полученных из фрагментов тонкой кишки, показали, что примененная система позволяет доставить флуоресцентный белок и, вероятно, неразрушенные липосомы в стенку кишечника.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The targeted delivery of lipophilic chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory agents through the lymphatic system is a promising approach in cancer treatment. Lipid-based carriers (e.g., liposomes) are able to not only to enhance the solubility and stability of drugs, but also to ensure their protection from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Research into the potential of lymphatic delivery of bioactive substances using liposomes can further improve the effectiveness of lipophilic drugs.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To study the prospects for using first-generation soy lecithin-based liposomes (cholesterol-free) as a lymphatic carrier for biologically active substances.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Liposomes were prepared from soy lecithin containing green fluorescent protein GFP (with a maximum fluorescence at a wavelength of 506 nm) using the method of thin-film hydration/rehydration. Some liposomes were modified by 1%, 0.5%, and 0.1% chitosan solutions. The GFP incorporation into the liposomes was visualized using confocal microscopy. In vivo studies were conducted in three groups of female Balb/c mice aged 11–13 weeks (three animals in each): a control group; a group receiving native fluorescent protein, and a group with the design formulation (liposomes containing fluorescent protein). After intake, the small intestine was retrieved followed by its preparation and cryosection staining. The analysis of the cell suspension was performed using a CytoFLEX V5-B5-R3 flow cytometer.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The confocal microscopy study found the particle size of the liposomes obtained by the thin-film hydration method to range within 1–5 μm. The incorporation of the model protein into the liposomes, as evidenced by its content before and after the liposome formation, was at least 60%. In vivo experiments on mice found that intragastric administration of fluorescent protein-containing liposomes enables successful protein delivery to the intestinal wall.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Soy lecithin-based liposomes were obtained using the thin-film hydration method. Confocal microscopy was used to evaluate the size of the obtained liposomes and to assess qualitatively the incorporation of green fluorescent protein. The incorporation of chitosan into the liposome shell resulted in a significant aggregation of the final product, which may reduce the effectiveness of liposome delivery to cells. Confocal microscopy of cryosections and cytofluorometry of cell suspensions obtained from small intestine fragments showed the capacity of the engineered system to deliver fluorescent protein and, possibly, intact liposomes to the intestinal wall.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>липосомы</kwd><kwd>соевый лецитин</kwd><kwd>система доставки</kwd><kwd>зеленый флуоресцентный белок</kwd><kwd>лимфатическая доставка</kwd><kwd>конфокальная микроскопия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>liposomes</kwd><kwd>soy lecithin</kwd><kwd>delivery system</kwd><kwd>green fluorescent protein</kwd><kwd>lymphatic delivery</kwd><kwd>confocal microscopy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCright J, Naiknavare R, Yarmovsky J, Maisel K. Targeting lymphatics for nanoparticle drug delivery. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:887402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.887402</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCright J, Naiknavare R, Yarmovsky J, Maisel K. Targeting lymphatics for nanoparticle drug delivery. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:887402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.887402</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim H, Kim Y, Lee J. Liposomal formulations for enhanced lymphatic drug delivery. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;8(2):96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2013.07.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim H, Kim Y, Lee J. Liposomal formulations for enhanced lymphatic drug delivery. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;8(2):96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2013.07.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rama A, Govindan I, Kailas AA, Annadurai T, Lewis SA, Pai SR, et al. Drug delivery to the lymphatic system: The road less travelled. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2024;14(6):1–10. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2024.180277</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rama A, Govindan I, Kailas AA, Annadurai T, Lewis SA, Pai SR, et al. Drug delivery to the lymphatic system: The road less travelled. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2024;14(6):1–10. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2024.180277</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahn H, Park JH. Liposomal delivery systems for intestinal lymphatic drug transport. Biomaterials Research. 2016;20(1):36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-016-0083-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahn H, Park JH. Liposomal delivery systems for intestinal lymphatic drug transport. Biomaterials Research. 2016;20(1):36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-016-0083-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishioka Y, Yoshino H. Lymphatic targeting with nanoparticulate system. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2001;47(1):55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00121-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishioka Y, Yoshino H. Lymphatic targeting with nanoparticulate system. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2001;47(1):55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00121-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Q, Forrest L. Drug delivery to the lymphatic system. Drug Delivery: Principles and Applications. 2016:503–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118833322.ch21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang Q, Forrest L. Drug delivery to the lymphatic system. Drug Delivery: Principles and Applications. 2016:503–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118833322.ch21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shao J, Kraft JC, Li B, Yu J, Freeling J, Koehn J, et al. Nanodrug formulations to enhance HIV drug exposure in lymphoid tissues and cells: clinical significance and potential impact on treatment and eradication of HIV/AIDS. Nanomedicine. 2016;11(5):545–64. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.16.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shao J, Kraft JC, Li B, Yu J, Freeling J, Koehn J, et al. Nanodrug formulations to enhance HIV drug exposure in lymphoid tissues and cells: clinical significance and potential impact on treatment and eradication of HIV/AIDS. Nanomedicine. 2016;11(5):545–64. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.16.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh I, Swami R, Khan W, Sistla R. Lymphatic system: a prospective area for advanced targeting of particulate drug carriers. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2014;11(2):211–29. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2014.866088</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh I, Swami R, Khan W, Sistla R. Lymphatic system: a prospective area for advanced targeting of particulate drug carriers. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2014;11(2):211–29. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2014.866088</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho HY, Lee YB. Nano-sized drug delivery systems for lymphatic delivery. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2014;14(1):868–80. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2014.9122</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho HY, Lee YB. Nano-sized drug delivery systems for lymphatic delivery. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2014;14(1):868–80. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2014.9122</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porter CJ. Drug delivery to the lymphatic system. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 1997;14(4):333–94. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v14.i4.10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porter CJ. Drug delivery to the lymphatic system. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 1997;14(4):333–94. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v14.i4.10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Managuli RS, Raut SY, Reddy MS, Mutalik S. Targeting the intestinal lymphatic system: a versatile path for enhanced oral bioavailability of drugs. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2018;15(8):787–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2018.1503249</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Managuli RS, Raut SY, Reddy MS, Mutalik S. Targeting the intestinal lymphatic system: a versatile path for enhanced oral bioavailability of drugs. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2018;15(8):787–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2018.1503249</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai S, Yang Q, Bagby TR, Forrest ML. Lymphatic drug delivery using engineered liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2011;63(10–11):901–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai S, Yang Q, Bagby TR, Forrest ML. Lymphatic drug delivery using engineered liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2011;63(10–11):901–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nsairat H, Khater D, Sayed U, Odeh F, Al Bawab A, Alshaer W. Liposomes: Structure, composition, types, and clinical applications. Heliyon. 2022;8(5):e09394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09394</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nsairat H, Khater D, Sayed U, Odeh F, Al Bawab A, Alshaer W. Liposomes: Structure, composition, types, and clinical applications. Heliyon. 2022;8(5):e09394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09394</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hodges GM, Carr EA, Hazzard RA, Carr KE. Uptake and translocation of microparticles in small intestine. Digestive Diseases and Science. 1995;40:967–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02064184</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hodges GM, Carr EA, Hazzard RA, Carr KE. Uptake and translocation of microparticles in small intestine. Digestive Diseases and Science. 1995;40:967–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02064184</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donkers JM, Höppener EM, Grigoriev I, Will L, Melgert BN, van der Zaan B, et al. Advanced epithelial lung and gut barrier models demonstrate passage of microplastic particles. Microplastics and Nanoplastics. 2022;2(6):2–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-021-00024-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donkers JM, Höppener EM, Grigoriev I, Will L, Melgert BN, van der Zaan B, et al. Advanced epithelial lung and gut barrier models demonstrate passage of microplastic particles. Microplastics and Nanoplastics. 2022;2(6):2–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-021-00024-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah NM, Parikh J, Namdeo A, Subramanian N, Bhowmick S. Preparation, Characterization and In Vivo Studies of Proliposomes Containing Cyclosporine A. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2006;6(9):2967–73. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.403</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah NM, Parikh J, Namdeo A, Subramanian N, Bhowmick S. Preparation, Characterization and In Vivo Studies of Proliposomes Containing Cyclosporine A. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2006;6(9):2967–73. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.403</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee M.K. Liposomes for Enhanced Bioavailability of Water-Insoluble Drugs: In Vivo Evidence and Recent Approaches. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(3):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030264</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee M.K. Liposomes for Enhanced Bioavailability of Water-Insoluble Drugs: In Vivo Evidence and Recent Approaches. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(3):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030264</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samarkina ON, Popova AG, Gvozdik EY, Chkalina AV, Zvyagin IV, Rylova YuV, et al. Universal and rapid method for purification of GFP-like proteins by the ethanol extraction. Protein Expression and Purification. 2009;65(1):108–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2008.11.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samarkina ON, Popova AG, Gvozdik EY, Chkalina AV, Zvyagin IV, Rylova YuV, et al. Universal and rapid method for purification of GFP-like proteins by the ethanol extraction. Protein Expression and Purification. 2009;65(1):108–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2008.11.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen D, Xia D, Li X, Zhu Q, Yu H, Zhu C, et al. Comparative study of Pluronic® F127-modified liposomes and chitosan-modified liposomes for mucus penetration and oral absorption of cyclosporine A in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2013;449(1–2):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen D, Xia D, Li X, Zhu Q, Yu H, Zhu C, et al. Comparative study of Pluronic® F127-modified liposomes and chitosan-modified liposomes for mucus penetration and oral absorption of cyclosporine A in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2013;449(1–2):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dürr V, Wohlfart S, Eisenzapf T, Mier W, Fricker G, Uhl P. Oral Delivery of mRNA by Liposomes Functionalized with Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Applied Nano. 2023;4:293–308. https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano4040017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dürr V, Wohlfart S, Eisenzapf T, Mier W, Fricker G, Uhl P. Oral Delivery of mRNA by Liposomes Functionalized with Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Applied Nano. 2023;4:293–308. https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano4040017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
