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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-275</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-275</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АВИАКОСМИЧЕСКАЯ И МОРСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>AEROSPACE &amp; MARITIME MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности развития иммерсионного отека легких у водолазов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Developmental features of immersion pulmonary edema in divers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1465-1539</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кленков</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klenkov</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кленков Ильяс Рифатьевич, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Ilyas R. Klenkov, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p> St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">klen.ir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0319-0055</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анкудинова</surname><given-names>Я. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ankudinova</surname><given-names>Ya. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анкудинова Яна Игоревна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana I. Ankudinova</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yana-bl@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Главное управление Росгвардии по г. Москве</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Main Directorate of the Russian Guard in Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>375</fpage><lpage>383</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кленков И.Р., Анкудинова Я.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кленков И.Р., Анкудинова Я.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Klenkov I.R., Ankudinova Y.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/275">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/275</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Иммерсионный отек легких (ИОЛ) — патологическое состояние, которое возникает в водной среде при различных видах деятельности: подводно-технических работах, любительском дайвинге, спортивных соревнованиях по триатлону и т.д. Несмотря на значительное количество англоязычных публикаций, в России проблема ИОЛ остается недостаточно изученной.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Исследование особенностей диагностики, клинических проявлений, лечения и профилактики иммерсионного отека легких для оптимизации медицинской помощи при данном патологическом состоянии.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. К основным факторам, приводящим к ИОЛ, относятся: нахождение в холодной воде, тяжелая физическая нагрузка при плавании, повышенное артериальное давление в период нахождения в воде, избыточное потребление жидкости перед плаванием, возраст свыше 50 лет; дыхание под водой 100% кислородом, вызывающим гипероксию, оксидативный стресс, нарушение целостности альвеоло-капиллярной мембраны и дефицит сурфактанта, что приводит к транссудации жидкости в интерстициальную ткань легких и отеку. Воздействие гипероксии приводит к вазоконстрикции легочных сосудов, повышению гидростатического давления и усилению фильтрации жидкости в интерстиции, что усугубляет развитие ИОЛ и обусловливает развитие альвеолярного отека легких. Клинически ИОЛ проявляется затрудненным дыханием, острой одышкой, кашлем с кровохарканьем, кровянистыми выделениями пенистой консистенции и другими симптомами. Отличительной чертой паталогического состояния является исчезновение основных симптомов в течение 48 часов. Вместе с тем при проведении перкуссии над пораженным участком легкого отмечается притупление звука, при аускультации в легких выслушиваются влажные хрипы; при аускультации сердца — шумы, характерные для острой митральной недостаточности с левожелудочковой недостаточностью. При компьютерной томографии выявляются снижение прозрачности легочных полей по типу «матового стекла», перибронхиальная инфильтрация и плевральный выпот, преимущественно на пораженной стороне. Основным ограничением метода является невозможность проведения исследования непосредственно в условиях аварийного спуска. Ультразвуковыми признаками диагностики ИОЛ можно считать наличие гиперэхогенных реверберационных артефактов (В-линий), образующихся при взаимодействии ультразвуковых волн с воздух-жидкостным содержимым альвеол, характерным для отека легких. Клинико-лабораторным маркером ИОЛ является повышение копептина, мозгового натрийуретического пептида, модифицированного ишемией альбумина, сверхчувствительного тропонина Т.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. ИОЛ остается недостаточно изученным, но крайне опасным патологическим состоянием в дайвинге и плавании на воде, поэтому водолазам, боевым пловцам, дайверам и спортсменам (триатлонистам, пловцам) целесообразно доводить информацию о мерах предосторожности при появлении его симптомов во время плавания на воде и под водой. Применение комплексного подхода в профилактике ИОЛ снизит частоту случаев появления патологического состояния и повысит безопасность водолазных спусков.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) is a pathological condition that occurs in an aquatic environment during various activities, such as underwater engineering, scuba diving, triathlon competitions, etc. Despite a significant number of English-language publications, the problem of IPE remains insufficiently studied in Russia.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Research into the diagnosis, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prevention of IPE to optimize medical care for this pathological condition.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The main factors leading to IPE include exposure to cold water, intense physical exertion during swimming, increased blood pressure while in water, excessive fluid intake before swimming, age over 50. Breathing 100% oxygen underwater can cause hyperoxia, oxidative stress, disruption of the alveolar–capillary membrane integrity, and surfactant deficiency, leading to fluid transudation into the pulmonary interstitial tissue and edema. Hyperoxia induces pulmonary vasoconstriction, increases hydrostatic pressure, and enhances fluid filtration into the interstitium, exacerbating IPE and contributing to the development of alveolar pulmonary edema. Clinically, IPE presents with labored breathing, acute dyspnea, coughing with hemoptysis, frothy bloody discharge, and other symptoms. A distinctive feature of this condition is the resolution of key symptoms within 48 h. On physical examination, percussion over the affected lung area reveals dullness, while auscultation detects wet rales in the lungs and murmurs characteristic of acute mitral regurgitation with left ventricular failure. Computed tomography findings include ground-glass opacities, peribronchial infiltration, and pleural effusion, predominantly on the affected side. A major limitation of this method is the inability to perform imaging immediately during an emergency ascent. Ultrasound diagnostic markers of IPE include hyperechoic reverberation artifacts (B-lines), produced by the interaction of ultrasound waves with air-fluid content in the alveoli, typical of pulmonary edema. Clinical and laboratory markers of IPE include elevated levels of copeptin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), ischemia-modified albumin, and high-sensitivity troponin T.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. IPE remains an understudied yet highly dangerous pathological condition in diving and aquatic swimming. Therefore, it is crucial to educate divers, combat swimmers, professional scuba divers, and athletes (triathletes, swimmers) about preventive measures and symptom recognition when they occur during surface or underwater activities. Implementing a comprehensive approach to IPE prevention will reduce the incidence of this condition and enhance the safety of diving operations.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммерсионный отек легких</kwd><kwd>ИОЛ</kwd><kwd>дайвинг</kwd><kwd>подводное плавание</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>патологическое состояние</kwd><kwd>водолазные спуски</kwd><kwd>триатлон</kwd><kwd>утопление</kwd><kwd>баротравма легких</kwd><kwd>обжатие грудной клетки</kwd><kwd>газовая эмболия</kwd><kwd>симптомы отека легких</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immersion pulmonary edema</kwd><kwd>IPE</kwd><kwd>diving</kwd><kwd>scuba diving</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>pathological condition</kwd><kwd>diving operations</kwd><kwd>triathlon</kwd><kwd>drowning</kwd><kwd>pulmonary barotrauma</kwd><kwd>thoracic compression</kwd><kwd>gas embolism</kwd><kwd>pulmonary edema symptoms</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinkel J, Bak P, Knudsen PJT, Hyldegaard O. 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