<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-285</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-285</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ КЛИНИЧЕСКОЙ НЕВРОЛОГИИ И ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ НЕРВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: TOPICAL ISSUES OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY &amp; NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER INSTRUMENTAL DIAGNOSTICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка биомаркеров в биологических жидкостях и нейровизуализационных изменений у пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера и глаукомой</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of biomarkers in biological fluids and neuroimaging changes in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and glaucoma</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6327-3546</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боголепова</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogolepova</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Боголепова Анна Николаевна, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna N. Bogolepova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">annabogolepova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8606-5715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махнович</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhnovich</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Махнович Екатерина Владимировна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Makhnovich, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Ekaterinamakhnovich@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-9868</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваленко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalenko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коваленко Екатерина Андреевна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Kovalenko, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ekaterinakov90@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-571X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осиновская</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osinovskaya</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Осиновская Нина Алексеевна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nina A. Osinovskaya </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">4246290@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1899-8131</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Берегов</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beregov</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Берегов Михаил Михайлович</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail M. Beregov </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mik.beregov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-5490</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лянг</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyang</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лянг Ольга Викторовна, д-р мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Lyang, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lyang@fccps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий Федерального медико-биологического агентства; Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>143</fpage><lpage>151</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Боголепова А.Н., Махнович Е.В., Коваленко Е.А., Осиновская Н.А., Берегов М.М., Лянг О.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Боголепова А.Н., Махнович Е.В., Коваленко Е.А., Осиновская Н.А., Берегов М.М., Лянг О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bogolepova A.N., Makhnovich E.V., Kovalenko E.A., Osinovskaya N.A., Beregov M.M., Lyang O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/285">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/285</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Болезнь Альцгеймера (БА) и первичная открытоугольная глаукома (ПОУГ) относятся к постепенно прогрессирующим нейродегенеративным инвалидизирующим заболеваниям. В научной литературе отмечено, что ПОУГ может быть предиктором развития БА. Необходима ранняя диагностика данных заболеваний, которая будет способствовать своевременному назначению лечения и, как следствие, позволит снизить инвалидизацию пациентов.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучить биомаркеры ранней диагностики в биологических жидкостях и нейровизуализационные изменения по результатам МР-морфометрии у пациентов с БА и ПОУГ и провести их сравнительный анализ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обследовано 90 пациентов с установленным диагнозом БА и ПОУГ. Участники исследования были разделены на 2 группы в соответствии с диагнозом: группа 1 — 45 пациентов (из них 9 (20%) мужчин и 36 (80%) женщин) с БА; группа 2 — 45 человек (из них 17 (37,8%) мужчин и 28 (62,2%) женщин) с ПОУГ. Проведено нейропсихологическое тестирование: краткая шкала оценки психического статуса (MMSE), Монреальская шкала оценки когнитивных функций (MoCA), тест запоминания 10 слов. Всем пациентам определяли соотношение бета-амилоидов (Aβ) крови Aβ42/Aβ40, в слюне — сиртуин Sirt-1,3,5,6 с проведением иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА), а также выполнялась МР-морфометрия головного мозга.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В группе 1 были выявлены когнитивные нарушения (КН), достигающие степени деменции; в группе 2 — додементные КН (p &lt; 0,001). По результатам проведенных нейропсихологических методик в двух группах были отмечены схожие изменения, в особенности нарушение памяти по гиппокампальному типу. Результаты проведенных ИФА крови и слюны с определением биомаркеров в двух сравниваемых группах не показали статистически значимых различий. При этом показатели как объемов, так и толщин по данным МР-морфометрии были ниже в группе 1 (р &lt; 0,05), что может быть отражением прогрессирования нейродегенеративного процесса. В группе 1 выявлена прямая корреляционная связь снижения уровня Sirt3 в слюне с ухудшением непосредственного воспроизведения (5 воспроизведение) по тесту запоминания 10 слов (R = 0,43; p = 0,003). В обеих группах отмечены корреляционные связи между изменением нейропсихологических показателей и данными МР-морфометрии, в том числе уменьшением объема энторинальной коры. Как в группе 1, так и в группе 2 выявлено, что снижение соотношения Аβ42/Aβ40 в крови ассоциировалось с уменьшением толщины или объема энторинальной коры, что является общим для обеих групп с разной выраженностью КН. Учитывая наличие ассоциации с нейропсихологическими показателями и данными лабораторного анализа крови, в том числе и у пациентов с додементными КН из группы ПОУГ, определение объема и толщины энторинальной коры может быть расценено как значимый ранний маркер нейродегенеративного процесса.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Выявлено наличие ассоциации с нейропсихологическими показателями и данными лабораторного анализа крови, в том числе и у пациентов с додементными КН из группы ПОУГ, в связи с чем определение объема и толщины энторинальной коры может быть расценено как значимый ранний маркер нейродегенеративного процесса. Комплексная оценка нейропсихологических, лабораторных и нейровизуализационных методов диагностики, а также поиск заболеваний, ассоциированных с развитием БА, таких как ПОУГ, является актуальным направлением, в связи с чем требуется дальнейшее проведение более крупных когортных исследований.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are gradually progressive neurodegenerative diseases leading to disability. According to literature data, POAG can be a predictor of AD development. Early diagnosis of these diseases contributes to a timely initiation of treatment and, as a result, a reduction in the disability of patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To study biomarkers of early diagnosis in biological fluids and neuroimaging changes based on the results of MR morphometry in patients with AD and POAG and to conduct their comparative analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. In total, 90 patients with proven diagnosis of AD (group 1) and POAG (group 2) were examined. The study participants were divided into two groups according to their diagnosis: group 1 — 45 patients (9 (20%) men and 36 (80%) women) with AD; group 2 — 45 people (17 (37.8%) men and 28 (62.2%) women) with POAG. Neuropsychological testing included Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and a ten-words recall test. The beta-amyloid (Aβ) Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in the blood and sirtuin Sirt1, 3, 5, and 6 in saliva were assessed by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). In addition, MR morphometry of the brain was performed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In group 1, cognitive impairments (CI) reaching the degree of dementia were detected; in group 2, pre-demential CI were observed (p &lt; 0.001). According to the neuropsychological examination, similar changes were noted in both groups, in particular, memory impairment of the hippocampal type. The results of the blood and saliva ELISA with the determination of biomarkers in the groups under comparison did not reveal statistically significant differences. At the same time, the parameters of both volumes and thicknesses according to MR morphometry were lower in group 1 (p &lt; 0.05), which may reflect neurodegenerative progression. In group 1, a direct correlation was found between a decrease in the saliva level of Sirt3 and a deterioration in direct reproduction (fifth reproduction) according to the ten-words recall test (R = 0.43; p = 0.003). Correlations between changes in neuropsychological parameters and MR morphometry data, including a decrease in the volume of the entorhinal cortex, were noted in both groups. In groups 1 and 2, a decrease in the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in blood plasma was associated with a decrease in the thickness or volume of the entorhinal cortex, which is common for both groups with different CI severity. Taking into account the association with neuropsychological and blood parameters, including in patients with pre-demential CI from the POAG group, the determination of the volume and thickness of the entorhinal cortex can be regarded as a significant early marker of the neurodegenerative process.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The established association between the volume and thickness of the entorhinal cortex with neuropsychological and blood parameters, including in patients with pre-demential CI from the POAG group, makes the determination of the volume and thickness of the entorhinal cortex a significant early marker of the neurodegenerative process. A comprehensive assessment of the results obtained by neuropsychological, laboratory, and neuroimaging diagnostic methods, as well as the search for diseases associated with the development of AD, such as POAG, are promising research areas, requiring larger cohort studies.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd><kwd>деменция</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>первичная открытоугольная глаукома</kwd><kwd>МР-морфометрия</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры крови</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры слюны</kwd><kwd>сиртуины</kwd><kwd>соотношение Aβ42/Aβ40</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd><kwd>dementia</kwd><kwd>cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>primary open-angle glaucoma</kwd><kwd>MR morphometry</kwd><kwd>blood biomarkers</kwd><kwd>saliva biomarkers</kwd><kwd>sirtuins</kwd><kwd>Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках НИР «Взаимосвязь нейропсихологических изменений, биомаркеров в биологических средах и структурных изменений головного мозга у пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера и первичной открытоугольной глаукомой» Рег. № ЕГИСУ НИОКТР 122022100108-3</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment R&amp;D No. 122022100108-3.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dubois B, von Arnim CAF, Burnie N, Bozeat S, Cummings J. Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: role in early and differential diagnosis and recognition of atypical variants. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2023;15(1):175 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-023-01314-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dubois B, von Arnim CAF, Burnie N, Bozeat S, Cummings J. Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: role in early and differential diagnosis and recognition of atypical variants. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2023;15(1):175 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-023-01314-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Price JL, Ko AI, Wade MJ, Tsou SK, McKeel DW, Morris JC. Neuron number in the entorhinal cortex and CA1 in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(9):1395–402. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.58.9.1395</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Price JL, Ko AI, Wade MJ, Tsou SK, McKeel DW, Morris JC. Neuron number in the entorhinal cortex and CA1 in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(9):1395–402. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.58.9.1395</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ashok A, Singh N, Chaudhary S, Bellamkonda V, Kritikos AE, Wise AS, Rana N, McDonald D, Ayyagari R. Retinal Degeneration and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Evolving Link. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(19):7290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197290</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashok A, Singh N, Chaudhary S, Bellamkonda V, Kritikos AE, Wise AS, Rana N, McDonald D, Ayyagari R. Retinal Degeneration and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Evolving Link. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(19):7290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197290</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinkin M. Trans-synaptic Retrograde Degeneration in the Human Visual System: Slow, Silent, and Real. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2017;17(2):16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-017-0725-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinkin M. Trans-synaptic Retrograde Degeneration in the Human Visual System: Slow, Silent, and Real. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2017;17(2):16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-017-0725-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huh MG, Kim YK, Lee J, Shin YI, Lee YJ, Choe S, Kim DW, Jeong Y, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Relative Risks for Dementia among Individuals with Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Cohort Studies. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2023;37(6):490–500. https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2023.0059</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huh MG, Kim YK, Lee J, Shin YI, Lee YJ, Choe S, Kim DW, Jeong Y, Jeoung JW, Park KH. Relative Risks for Dementia among Individuals with Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Cohort Studies. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2023;37(6):490–500. https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2023.0059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martucci A, Di Giuliano F, Minosse S, Pocobelli G, Nucci C, Garaci F. MRI and Clinical Biomarkers Overlap between Glaucoma and Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(19):14932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914932</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martucci A, Di Giuliano F, Minosse S, Pocobelli G, Nucci C, Garaci F. MRI and Clinical Biomarkers Overlap between Glaucoma and Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(19):14932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914932</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jack CR Jr, Andrews JS, Beach TG, Buracchio T, Dunn B, Graf A, et. al. Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s Association Workgroup. Alzheimers Dement, 2024;20(8):5143–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13859</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jack CR Jr, Andrews JS, Beach TG, Buracchio T, Dunn B, Graf A, et. al. Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s Association Workgroup. Alzheimers Dement, 2024;20(8):5143–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13859</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahpasand-Kroner H, Klafki HW, Bauer C, et al. A two-step immunoassay for the simultaneous assessment of Aβ38, Aβ40 and Aβ42 in human blood plasma supports the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio as a promising biomarker candidate of Alzheimer’s disease. Alz Res Therapy. 2018;10:121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-018-0448-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahpasand-Kroner H, Klafki HW, Bauer C, et al. A two-step immunoassay for the simultaneous assessment of Aβ38, Aβ40 and Aβ42 in human blood plasma supports the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio as a promising biomarker candidate of Alzheimer’s disease. Alz Res Therapy. 2018;10:121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-018-0448-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Janelidze S, Palmqvist S, Leuzy A, et al. Detecting amyloid positivity in early Alzheimer’s disease using combinations of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 and p-tau. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2022;18:283–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12395</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Janelidze S, Palmqvist S, Leuzy A, et al. Detecting amyloid positivity in early Alzheimer’s disease using combinations of plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 and p-tau. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2022;18:283–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12395</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hung-Chun Chang, Leonard Guarente. SIRT1 and other sirtuins in metabolism. Trends in Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2014;25(3):138–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2013.12.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hung-Chun Chang, Leonard Guarente. SIRT1 and other sirtuins in metabolism. Trends in Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2014;25(3):138–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2013.12.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo H, Zhou M, Ji K, Zhuang J, Dang W, Fu S, Sun T, Zhang X. Expression of Sirtuins in the Retinal Neurons of Mice, Rats, and Humans. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00366</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo H, Zhou M, Ji K, Zhuang J, Dang W, Fu S, Sun T, Zhang X. Expression of Sirtuins in the Retinal Neurons of Mice, Rats, and Humans. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00366</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang H, Dai S, Yang Y, Wei J, Li X, Luo P, Jiang X. Role of Sirtuin 3 in Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Biomolecules. 2023;13:735. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13050735</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang H, Dai S, Yang Y, Wei J, Li X, Luo P, Jiang X. Role of Sirtuin 3 in Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Biomolecules. 2023;13:735. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13050735</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xia F, Shi S, Palacios E, Liu W, Buscho SE, Li J, Huang S, Vizzeri G, Dong XC, Motamedi M, Zhang W, Liu H. Sirt6 protects retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve from degeneration during aging and glaucoma. Mol Ther. 2024;32(6):1760–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xia F, Shi S, Palacios E, Liu W, Buscho SE, Li J, Huang S, Vizzeri G, Dong XC, Motamedi M, Zhang W, Liu H. Sirt6 protects retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve from degeneration during aging and glaucoma. Mol Ther. 2024;32(6):1760–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sivak JM. The aging eye: Common degenerative mechanisms between the Alzheimer’s brain and retinal disease. Investig Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013;54:871–80. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-10827</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sivak JM. The aging eye: Common degenerative mechanisms between the Alzheimer’s brain and retinal disease. Investig Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013;54:871–80. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-10827</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanafiah M, Johari B, Mumin N, Musa AA, Hanafiah H. MRI findings suggestive of Alzheimer’s disease in patients with primary open angle glaucoma–a single sequence analysis using rapid 3D T1 spoiled gradient echo. Br. J. Radiol. 2022;95:20210857. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20210857</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanafiah M, Johari B, Mumin N, Musa AA, Hanafiah H. MRI findings suggestive of Alzheimer’s disease in patients with primary open angle glaucoma–a single sequence analysis using rapid 3D T1 spoiled gradient echo. Br. J. Radiol. 2022;95:20210857. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20210857</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barberio B, Zamani M, Black CJ, Savarino EV, Ford AC. Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 2021;6(5):359–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00014-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barberio B, Zamani M, Black CJ, Savarino EV, Ford AC. Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 2021;6(5):359–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00014-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bisgaard TH, Allin KH, Keefer L, Ananthakrishnan AN, Jess T. Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, mechanisms and treatment. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 2022;9(11):717–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-022-00634-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bisgaard TH, Allin KH, Keefer L, Ananthakrishnan AN, Jess T. Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, mechanisms and treatment. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology. 2022;9(11):717–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-022-00634-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Smailagic N, Roqué-Figuls M, Ciapponi A, Sanchez-Perez E, Giannakou A, et al. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the early detection of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;7:7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd010783.pub3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Smailagic N, Roqué-Figuls M, Ciapponi A, Sanchez-Perez E, Giannakou A, et al. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the early detection of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;7:7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd010783.pub3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinto TC, Machado L, Bulgacov TM, Rodrigues-Júnior AL, Costa MG, Ximenes RC, Sougey EB. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) screening superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the elderly? International Psychogeriatrics, 2019;31(4):491–504. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218001370</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinto TC, Machado L, Bulgacov TM, Rodrigues-Júnior AL, Costa MG, Ximenes RC, Sougey EB. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) screening superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the elderly? International Psychogeriatrics, 2019;31(4):491–504. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218001370</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айзенштейн АД, Трофимова АК, Микадзе ЮВ, Иванова ГЕ. Методологические проблемы использования психометрических тестов в практике клинических исследований когнитивных расстройств у пациентов с сосудистыми поражениями мозга. Вестник восстановительной медицины. 2023;22(1):46–59. https://doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2023-22-1-46-59</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aisenshtein AD, Trofimova AK, Mikadze YuV, Ivanova GE. Methodological problems of psychometric tests in clinical studies of cognitive disorders in patients with cerebral vascular lesions: a review. Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2023;22(1):46–59 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2023-22-1-46-59</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sala A, Lizarraga A, Caminiti SP, Calhoun VD, Eickhoff SB, Habeck C, Yakushev I. Brain connectomics: time for a molecular imaging perspective? Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2023; 27(4):353–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.11.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sala A, Lizarraga A, Caminiti SP, Calhoun VD, Eickhoff SB, Habeck C, Yakushev I. Brain connectomics: time for a molecular imaging perspective? Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2023; 27(4):353–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.11.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hänisch B, Hansen JY, Bernhardt BC, Eickhoff SB, Dukart J, Misic B, Valk SL. Cerebral chemoarchitecture shares organizational traits with brain structure and function. Elife. 2023;12:83843. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83843</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hänisch B, Hansen JY, Bernhardt BC, Eickhoff SB, Dukart J, Misic B, Valk SL. Cerebral chemoarchitecture shares organizational traits with brain structure and function. Elife. 2023;12:83843. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.83843</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siddiqi SH, Kording KP, Parvizi J, Fox MD. Causal mapping of human brain function. Nature reviews neuroscience. 2022;23(6):361–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-022-00583-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siddiqi SH, Kording KP, Parvizi J, Fox MD. Causal mapping of human brain function. Nature reviews neuroscience. 2022;23(6):361–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-022-00583-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siddiqi SH, Khosravani S, Rolston JD, Fox MD. The future of brain circuit-targeted therapeutics. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2024;49(1):179–188. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01670-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siddiqi SH, Khosravani S, Rolston JD, Fox MD. The future of brain circuit-targeted therapeutics. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2024;49(1):179–188. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01670-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J, Shi L, Shen Y. The retina: A window in which to view the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Ageing Research Reviews. 2022;77:101590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101590</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang J, Shi L, Shen Y. The retina: A window in which to view the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Ageing Research Reviews. 2022;77:101590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101590</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anand A, Khurana N, Kumar R, Sharma N. Food for the mind: The journey of probiotics from foods to ANTI-Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. Food Bioscience. 2022:102323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102323</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anand A, Khurana N, Kumar R, Sharma N. Food for the mind: The journey of probiotics from foods to ANTI-Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. Food Bioscience. 2022:102323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102323</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">García-Bermúdez MY, Vohra R, Freude K, Wijngaarden PV, Martin K, Thomsen MS, KolkoM. Potential Retinal Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023; 24(21):15834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115834</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">García-Bermúdez MY, Vohra R, Freude K, Wijngaarden PV, Martin K, Thomsen MS, KolkoM. Potential Retinal Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023; 24(21):15834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115834</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Линькова НС, Пухальская АЭ, Ильницкий АН, Новак-Бобарыкина УА, Осипова ОА, Рождественская ОА, Козлов КЛ. Концентрация сиртуинов в слюне: перспективы применения для диагностики ишемической болезни сердца и темпа старения организма. Молекулярная медицина. 2021;19(6):37–42. https://doi.org/10.29296/24999490-2021-06-06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linkova NS, Puhalskaya AE, Ilnitsky AN, Novak-Bobarykina UA, Osipova OA, Rozhdestvenskaya OA, Kozlov KL. Concentration of sirtuins in saliva: prospects of application for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and the rate of aging of the body. Molecular Medicine. 2021;19(6):37–42 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.29296/24999490-2021-06-06</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tyagi A, Pugazhenthi S. A promising strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases by SIRT3 activation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023;24(2):1615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021615</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyagi A, Pugazhenthi S. A promising strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases by SIRT3 activation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023;24(2):1615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021615</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Su S, Chen G, Gao M, et al. Kai-Xin-San protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease through SIRT3/NLRP3 pathway. Chin Med. 2023;18(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-023-00722-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Su S, Chen G, Gao M, et al. Kai-Xin-San protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease through SIRT3/NLRP3 pathway. Chin Med. 2023;18(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-023-00722-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perone I, Ghena N, Wang J, et al. Mitochondrial SIRT3 Deficiency Results in Neuronal Network Hyperexcitability, Accelerates Age-Related Aβ Pathology, and Renders Neurons Vulnerable to Aβ Toxicity. Neuromol Med. 2023;25:27–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-022-08713-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perone I, Ghena N, Wang J, et al. Mitochondrial SIRT3 Deficiency Results in Neuronal Network Hyperexcitability, Accelerates Age-Related Aβ Pathology, and Renders Neurons Vulnerable to Aβ Toxicity. Neuromol Med. 2023;25:27–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-022-08713-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bachmann T, Schroeter ML, Chen K, Reiman EM, Weise CM, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2023). Longitudinal changes in surface-based brain morphometry measures in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. NeuroImage: Clinical. 2023;38:103371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103371</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bachmann T, Schroeter ML, Chen K, Reiman EM, Weise CM. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2023). Longitudinal changes in surface-based brain morphometry measures in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. NeuroImage: Clinical. 2023;38:103371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103371</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassouneh A, Bazuin B, Danna-dos-Santos A, Ilgin Acar, Abdel-Qader I, The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Feature Importance Analysis and Machine Learning for Alzheimer’s Disease Early Detection: Feature Fusion of the Hippocampus, Entorhinal Cortex, and Standardized Uptake Value Ratio. Digital Biomarkers. 2024;8(1):59–74. https://doi.org/10.1159/000538486</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassouneh A, Bazuin B, Danna-dos-Santos A, Ilgin Acar, Abdel-Qader I, The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Feature Importance Analysis and Machine Learning for Alzheimer’s Disease Early Detection: Feature Fusion of the Hippocampus, Entorhinal Cortex, and Standardized Uptake Value Ratio. Digital Biomarkers. 2024;8(1):59–74. https://doi.org/10.1159/000538486</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y, Yang YS, Wang CM, Chen WC, Chen XL, Wu F, He HF. Copper metabolism-related Genes in entorhinal cortex for Alzheimer’s disease. Scientific Reports, 2023;13(1):17458. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44656-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y, Yang YS, Wang CM, Chen WC, Chen XL, Wu F, He HF. Copper metabolism-related Genes in entorhinal cortex for Alzheimer’s disease. Scientific Reports, 2023;13(1):17458. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44656-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
