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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-290</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-290</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РАДИОБИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RADIOBIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Когорта работников ПО «Маяк»: характеристика и основные результаты эпидемиологических исследований</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mayak worker cohort: Characteristics and key results of epidemiological studies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1214-295X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузнецова Ирина Сергеевна - канд. биол. наук</p><p>Озерск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina S. Kuznetsova</p><p>Ozersk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuznetsova@subi.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9492-4316</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сокольников</surname><given-names>М. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolnikov</surname><given-names>Mikhail E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сокольников Михаил Эдуардович - д-р мед. наук</p><p>Озерск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail E. Sokolnikov</p><p>Ozersk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sokolnikov@subi.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7724-6103</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кабирова</surname><given-names>Н. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kabirova</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кабирова Наиля Равильевна</p><p>Озерск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nailya R. Kabirova</p><p>Ozersk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kabirova@subi.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5559-4457</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царева</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsareva</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Царева Юлия Вячеславовна - канд. мед. наук</p><p>Озерск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia V. Tsareva</p><p>Ozersk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tsareva@subi.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6262-0067</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Денисова Елена Владимировна</p><p>Озерск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Denisova</p><p>Ozersk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">denisova@subi.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8260-1808</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Окатенко</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Okatenko</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Окатенко Павел Викторович</p><p>Озерск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel V. Okatenko</p><p>Ozersk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">okatenko@subi.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южно-Уральский федеральный научно-клинический центр медицинской биофизики Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Urals Biophysics Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>505</fpage><lpage>515</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кузнецова И.С., Сокольников М.Э., Кабирова Н.Р., Царева Ю.В., Денисова Е.В., Окатенко П.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузнецова И.С., Сокольников М.Э., Кабирова Н.Р., Царева Ю.В., Денисова Е.В., Окатенко П.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuznetsova I.S., Sokolnikov M.E., Kabirova N.R., Tsareva Y.V., Denisova E.V., Okatenko P.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/290">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/290</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Регистр персонала ПО «Маяк» создан для исследования отдаленных стохастических медицинских последствий профессионального радиационного облучения работников первого в СССР предприятия ядерной промышленности.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценка радиогенного риска при пролонгированном профессиональном облучении в когорте работников ПО «Маяк», в том числе в когорте лиц, работавших в условиях штатной радиационной обстановки.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Выполненная работа является одним из этапов пожизненного ретроспективного эпидемиологического исследования показателей здоровья, в том числе заболеваемости и смертности от злокачественных новообразований (ЗНО), проводимого на базе медико-дозиметрического регистра работников ПО «Маяк». Доступная для исследованная когорта ограничена работниками трех основных производств и двух вспомогательных заводов, а также периодом найма на работу 1948–1982 гг. В исследуемой когорте, основываясь на фактических данных об уровнях облучения и полученных оценках медицинских последствий, выделены две субкогорты: 1948–1958 гг. — субкогорта найма в период освоения технологии и высоких уровней профессионального облучения и 1959–1982 гг. — субкогорта найма в период штатной эксплуатации производства и сопоставимых с современными пределами доз. На современном этапе достигнутый возраст работников, включенных во вторую субкогорту, и объем накопленных данных позволил провести анализ для лиц, работавших в штатных условиях, исключив влияние высоких доз и мощностей доз, и расширить область полученных статистически значимых прямых оценок радиогенного риска ЗНО. Все исследования радиогенного риска в когорте работников ПО «Маяк» проведены с использованием пакета для статистической обработки данных Epicure.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Когорта состоит из 25 755 работников. Жизненный статус в период до 31.12.2018 известен для 94%. В субкогорте 1948–1958 гг. найма средняя накопленная доза гамма-облучения составила 748 мГр, 1959–1982 гг. — 130 мГр. В целом область малых доз гамма-излучения включала 10 304 (40,1% членов когорты) человека. Средняя накопленная доза в легких за счет альфа-облучения инкорпорированным 239Pu составляла 179,4 мГр, для субкогорт 1948–1958 и 1959–1982 гг. — 329,2 и 41,0 мГр соответственно. Оценка избыточного относительного радиационного риска на 1 Гр дозы альфа-излучения в легких составила 3,5–8,0 на 1 Гр для мужчин в возрасте 60 лет. Не найдено отклонений от линейности. Радиогенный риск снижался с увеличением возраста. Выявлена нелинейная зависимость риска ЗНО печени. Основным отдаленным эффектом внешнего гамма-облучения являлось развитие лейкоза, для которого нелинейная зависимость с модификацией радиационного риска по временным характеристикам, связанным с возрастом на момент облучения, временем, прошедшим с момента облучения, и достигнутым возрастом является лучшей аппроксимацией, чем линейная. Для солидных ЗНО коэффициент риска от внешнего гамма-излучения составил 0,1–0,4 на 1 Гр. Среди лиц, работавших в условиях штатной радиационной обстановки (1959–1982 гг. найма), оценка атрибутивного риска ЗНО, за исключением опухолей органов основного депонирования плутония, позволяет отнести 1–5% случаев к радиационно-индуцированным, причем только вследствие влияния внешнего гамма-излучения.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Когорта работников ПО «Маяк», обеспеченная высококачественными медико-дозиметрическими данными, является важным источником прямых эпидемиологических оценок радиогенного риска при профессиональном пролонгированном радиационном воздействии. Выделение периода штатной эксплуатации производства, с одной стороны, подтверждает величину канцерогенного риска, с другой — указывает на необходимость расширения периода наблюдения и самой когорты лиц, работавших в условиях, сопоставимых с современными.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The medical registry of workers at the Mayak Production Association (PA) was initially established with the purpose of studying the long-term stochastic health effects of occupational radiation exposure at the first nuclear industry enterprise in the USSR.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Assessment of radiogenic risk from prolonged occupational exposure among the Mayak PA worker cohort, including the subcohort of workers exposed to normal radiation conditions.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. This study represents one phase of a lifelong retrospective epidemiological investigation of health indicators, including the incidence and mortality from malignant neoplasms (MN), conducted within the framework of the medical-dosimetric registry of Mayak PA workers. The available study cohort is limited to employees of three main production facilities and two auxiliary plants, hired between 1948 and 1982. Within the study cohort, two subcohorts are distinguished based on factual data on radiation exposure levels and assessed medical outcomes. These include the subcohort of 1948–1958, personnel hired during the technology development phase and characterized by high occupational radiation exposure levels and that of 1959–1982, hired during routine operational periods with radiation doses comparable to modern limits. At the current stage, the attained age of workers in the second subcohort and the volume of accumulated data have enabled an analysis focused on individuals having worked under standard conditions, excluding the effects of high doses and dose rates. This has expanded the scope of statistically significant direct estimates of radiogenic MN risk. All studies of radiogenic risk in the cohort of Mayak PA workers were conducted using the Epicure statistical software package.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The cohort comprised 25,755 workers. The vital status during the period of up to 31.12.2018 was known for 94% of subjects. In the 1948–1958 subcohort, the mean cumulative gamma radiation dose was 748 mGy, compared to 130 mGy in the 1959–1982 subcohort. Overall, 10,304 individuals (40.1% of the cohort) received low doses of gamma radiation. The mean cumulative lung dose from alpha radiation due to incorporated 239Pu was 179.4 mGy, with 329.2 mGy and 41.0 mGy for the 1948–1958 and 1959–1982 subcohorts, respectively. The estimated excess relative risk per 1 Gy of alpha radiation lung dose was 3.5–8 for 60-year-old males. No deviations from linearity were found. Radiogenic risk decreased with an increase in age. A nonlinear dose-response relationship was identified for liver MN. The primary long-term effect of external gamma radiation was leukemia development, where a nonlinear model incorporating effect modification by age at exposure, time since exposure, and attained age provided better approximation than a linear model. For solid MN, the risk coefficient from external gamma radiation ranged 0.1–0.4 per 1 Gy. Among workers employed under normal radiation conditions (1959–1982 hiring period), the attributable risk assessment suggests that 1–5% of MN (excluding tumors in plutonium primary deposition organs) were radiation-induced, solely due to external gamma exposure.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The Mayak PA worker cohort, with its high-quality medical and dosimetric data, serves as a crucial source for direct epidemiological assessments of radiogenic risks from prolonged occupational radiation exposure. The identification of the routine production operation period not only validates the magnitude of carcinogenic risk but also highlights the need to extend both the follow-up period and the cohort itself to include more workers exposed to conditions comparable to modern standards.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>персонал</kwd><kwd>облучение</kwd><kwd>радиогенный риск</kwd><kwd>злокачественные новообразования</kwd><kwd>неопухолевые заболевания</kwd><kwd>нормирование</kwd><kwd>радиационная безопасность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>personnel</kwd><kwd>exposure</kwd><kwd>radiogenic risk</kwd><kwd>malignant neoplasms</kwd><kwd>non-tumor diseases</kwd><kwd>regulation</kwd><kwd>radiation safety</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания № 11.001.25.800 по теме НИР «Обеспечение индивидуального дозиметрического контроля персонала «Горно-химического комбината», № 11.002.22.800 «Прогноз радиогенного риска заболеваемости и смертности среди персонала предприятия атомной индустрии ПО «Маяк» на период до 2035 г. при сохранении штатной радиационной обстановки»</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the study was carried out within the state assignment No. 11.001.25.800 on the research topic “Provision of individual dosimetric monitoring for personnel of the Mining and Chemical Combine”, and No. 11.002.22.800 “Forecast of radiogenic risk of morbidity and mortality among personnel of the nuclear industry enterprise Mayak Production Association until 2035 under maintained normal radiation conditions”</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панфилов АП. 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