mesЭкстремальная биомедицинаExtreme Medicine3033-89643033-8972Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency10.47183/mes.2025-310mes-310Research ArticleГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ КЛИНИЧЕСКОЙ НЕВРОЛОГИИ И ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ НЕРВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫMAIN TOPIC: TOPICAL ISSUES OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER INSTRUMENTAL DIAGNOSTICSОсобенности дифференциального диагноза быстропрогрессирующей болезни АльцгеймераDifferential diagnosis features of rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s diseasehttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2797-7877МартыновМ. Ю.MartynovM. Yu.

Мартынов Михаил Юрьевич, д-р мед. наук, член-корреспондент РАН, профессор

Москва

Mikhail Yu. Martynov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Corresponding Member of the RAS, Professor

Moscow

m-martin@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6327-3546БоголеповаА. Н.BogolepovaA. N.

Боголепова Анна Николаевна, д-р мед. наук, профессор

Москва

Annа N. Bogolepova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Moscow

annabogolepova@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8606-5715МахновичЕ. В.MakhnovichE. V.

Махнович Екатерина Владимировна, канд. мед. наук

Москва

Ekaterina V. Makhnovich, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

Moscow

Ekaterinamakhnovich@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-9868КоваленкоЕ. А.KovalenkoE. A.

Коваленко Екатерина Андреевна, канд. мед. наук

Москва

Ekaterina A. Kovalenko, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

Moscow

ekaterinakov90@mail.ruФедеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий Федерального медико-биологического агентства; Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. ПироговаРоссияFederal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian Federation202526062025272152160Copyright © Мартынов М.Ю., Боголепова А.Н., Махнович Е.В., Коваленко Е.А., 20252025Мартынов М.Ю., Боголепова А.Н., Махнович Е.В., Коваленко Е.А.Martynov M.Y., Bogolepova A.N., Makhnovich E.V., Kovalenko E.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/310Введение

Введение. Спектр патологий и состояний, которые могут приводить к развитию быстропрогрессирующей деменции (БПД), достаточно обширен. Наиболее распространенной причиной развития деменции является болезнь Альцгеймера (БА), однако существуют и другие патологии, которые, в отличие от БА, являются излечимыми, и при верной постановке диагноза возможно достижение полного регресса патологической симптоматики. Вышесказанное повышает значимость дифференциальной диагностики быстропрогрессирующей БА с другими причинами БПД.

Цель

Цель. Определить дифференциальные особенности быстропрогрессирующей БА и изучить основные причины, предрасполагающие к развитию БПД и не связанные с нейродегенеративной патологией.

Обсуждение

Обсуждение. Быстропрогрессирующая БА отличается от типичной БА скоростью когнитивного снижения: в среднем при быстропрогрессирующей БА отмечается потеря 3-х баллов или более по Краткой шкале оценки психического статуса в течение шести месяцев и более быстрое (за 2–3 года) достижение терминальной стадии заболевания, в то время как при типичной БА этот период длительнее и составляет порядка 8–10 лет. К другим основным причинам БПД относятся прионные заболевания, нейродегенеративные заболевания неприонной этиологии (в том числе быстропрогрессирующая БА), cосудистые, инфекционные, воспалительные и аутоиммунные, онкологические заболевания, метаболические и дефицитарные нарушения, эндокринные расстройства, токсические и ятрогенные нарушения, психические заболевания, цереброваскулярная патология.

Выводы

Выводы. Выявление причины БПД требует детального и всестороннего осмотра пациента с проведением различных лабораторных и инструментальных методов исследования, что является залогом верной постановки диагноза и дальнейшей успешной медикаментозной коррекции курабельных заболеваний. Основную роль в постановке диагноза быстропрогрессирующей БА и дифференциальной диагностике с другими причинами БПД играет позитронно-эмисионная томография головного мозга и уровень биомаркеров, таких как бета-амилоид и гиперфосфорилированный тау-протеин, в цереброспинальной жидкости.

Introduction

Introduction. The range of pathologies and conditions that can lead to the development of rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) is rather extensive. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered the most common cause of dementia. However, there are other pathologies that, unlike AD, are curable, and, given accurate diagnosis, allow a complete regression of pathological symptoms to be achieved. This highlights the importance of differential diagnosis of rapidly progressing AD from other causes of RPD.

Objective

Objective. To determine the differential features of rapidly progressing AD and to study the main causes predisposing to the development of RPD but not related to neurodegenerative pathology.

Discussion

Discussion. Rapidly progressing AD differs from typical AD in the rate of cognitive decline. On average, rapidly progressing AD is associated with a loss of three points or more scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test within six months and a faster (in 2–3 years) achievement of the terminal stage of the disease. In case of typical AD, this period is longer, lasting for about 8–10 years. Other major causes of RPD include prion diseases, neurodegenerative diseases of non-prion etiology (including rapidly progressing AD), vascular diseases, infectious diseases, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, oncological diseases, metabolic and deficiency disorders, endocrine disorders, toxic and iatrogenic disorders, mental diseases, and cerebrovascular pathology.

Conclusions

Conclusions. Identification of the RPD cause requires a detailed and comprehensive examination of the patient using various laboratory and instrumental research methods, which is the key to accurate diagnosis and further successful drug correction of terminal diseases. Positron emission tomography of the brain and such biomarkers as beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the cerebrospinal fluid play a major role in the diagnosis of rapidly progressive AD and differential diagnosis from other RPD causes.

быстропрогрессирующая болезнь Альцгеймерабыстрогрессирующая деменциякогнитивные нарушениядифференциальная диагностикацереброваскулярные заболеванияаутоиммунный энцефалитrapidly progressing Alzheimer’s diseaserapidly progressive dementiacognitive impairmentdifferential diagnosiscerebrovascular diseasesautoimmune encephalitisReferencesБоголепова АН, Васенина ЕЕ, Гомзякова НА, Гусев ЕИ, Дудченко НГ и др. Клинические рекомендации «когнитивные расстройства у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста». Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2021;121(10–3):6–137. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20211211036Bogolepova AN, Vasenina EE, Gomzjakova NA, Gusev EI, Dudchenko NG, et al. Clinical Guidelines for Cognitive Disorders in Elderly and Older Patients. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2021;121(10–3):6–137 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20211211036Hafiz R, Alajlani L, Ali A, Algarni GA, Aljurfi H, Alammar OAM, Ashqan MY, Alkhashan A. The Latest Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e50522. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.50522Hafiz R, Alajlani L, Ali A, Algarni GA, Aljurfi H, Alammar OAM, Ashqan MY, Alkhashan A. The Latest Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e50522. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.50522Парфенов ВА. Сочетание и взаимовлияние болезни Альцгеймера и цереброваскулярной патологии. Медицинский совет. 2019;9:8–13. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2019-9-8-13Parfenov VA. Combination and mutual effect of Alzheimer’s disease and cerebrovascular disease. Medical Council. 2019;9:8–13 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2019-9-8-13Chitravas N, Jung RS, Kofskey DM, Blevins JE, Gambetti P, Leigh RJ, Cohen ML. Treatable neurological disorders misdiagnosed as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(3):437–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22454Chitravas N, Jung RS, Kofskey DM, Blevins JE, Gambetti P, Leigh RJ, Cohen ML. Treatable neurological disorders misdiagnosed as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(3):437–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22454Peckeu L, Delasnerie-Lauprètre N, Brandel JP, Salomon D, Sazdovitch V, Laplanche JL, et al. Accuracy of diagnosis criteria in patients with suspected diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and detection of 14-3-3 protein, France, 1992 to 2009. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(41):16-00715. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.41.16-00715Peckeu L, Delasnerie-Lauprètre N, Brandel JP, Salomon D, Sazdovitch V, Laplanche JL, et al. Accuracy of diagnosis criteria in patients with suspected diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and detection of 14-3-3 protein, France, 1992 to 2009. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(41):16-00715. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.41.16-00715Stamatelos P, Kontokostas K, Liantinioti C, Giavasi C, Ioakeimidis M, Antonelou R, et al. Evolving Causes of Rapidly Progressive Dementia: A 5-Year Comparative Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2021;35(4):315–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000472Stamatelos P, Kontokostas K, Liantinioti C, Giavasi C, Ioakeimidis M, Antonelou R, et al. Evolving Causes of Rapidly Progressive Dementia: A 5-Year Comparative Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2021;35(4):315–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000472Zhang Y, Gao T, Tao QQ. Spectrum of noncerebrovascular rapidly progressive cognitive deterioration: a 2-year retrospective study. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1655–9. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S144821Zhang Y, Gao T, Tao QQ. Spectrum of noncerebrovascular rapidly progressive cognitive deterioration: a 2-year retrospective study. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1655–9. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S144821Satyadev N, Tipton PW, Martens Y, Dunham SR, Geschwind MD, Morris JC, et al. Improving Early Recognition of Treatment-Responsive Causes of Rapidly Progressive Dementia: The STAM3 P Score. Ann Neurol. 2024;95(2):237–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26812Satyadev N, Tipton PW, Martens Y, Dunham SR, Geschwind MD, Morris JC, et al. Improving Early Recognition of Treatment-Responsive Causes of Rapidly Progressive Dementia: The STAM3 P Score. Ann Neurol. 2024;95(2):237–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26812Hermann P, Zerr I. Rapidly progressive dementias — aetiologies, diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18(6):363–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-022-00659-0Hermann P, Zerr I. Rapidly progressive dementias — aetiologies, diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18(6):363–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-022-00659-0Geschwind MD. Rapidly Progressive Dementia. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(2 Dementia):510–37. https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000319Geschwind MD. Rapidly Progressive Dementia. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(2 Dementia):510–37. https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000319Mahajan S, Appleby BS. Comprehensive and Methodical: Diagnostic and Management Approaches to Rapidly Progressive Dementia. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2017;19(11):40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-017-0474-1Mahajan S, Appleby BS. Comprehensive and Methodical: Diagnostic and Management Approaches to Rapidly Progressive Dementia. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2017;19(11):40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-017-0474-1Abu-Rumeileh S, Capellari S, Parchi P. Rapidly Progressive Alzheimer’s disease: contributions to clinical-pathological definition and diagnosis. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2018;63(3):887–97. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-171181Abu-Rumeileh S, Capellari S, Parchi P. Rapidly Progressive Alzheimer’s disease: contributions to clinical-pathological definition and diagnosis. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2018;63(3):887–97. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-171181Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Hampel H, Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, et al. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):614–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70090-0Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Hampel H, Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, et al. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):614–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70090-0Sloane PD, Zimmerman S, Suchindran C, Reed P, Wang L, Boustani M, et al. The public health impact of Alzheimer’s disease, 2000–2050: potential implication of treatment advances. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23:213–31. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140525Sloane PD, Zimmerman S, Suchindran C, Reed P, Wang L, Boustani M, et al. The public health impact of Alzheimer’s disease, 2000–2050: potential implication of treatment advances. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23:213–31. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140525Karch CM, Goate AM. Alzheimer’s disease risk genes and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(1):43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.006Karch CM, Goate AM. Alzheimer’s disease risk genes and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(1):43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.006Soto ME, Andrieu S, Arbus C, Ceccaldi M, Couratier P, Dantoine T, et al. Rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Consensus paper. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12(10):703–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03028618Soto ME, Andrieu S, Arbus C, Ceccaldi M, Couratier P, Dantoine T, et al. Rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Consensus paper. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12(10):703–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03028618Schmidt C, Wolff M, Weitz M, Bartlau T, Korth C, Zerr I. Rapidly progressive Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2011;68:1124–30. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.189Schmidt C, Wolff M, Weitz M, Bartlau T, Korth C, Zerr I. Rapidly progressive Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2011;68:1124–30. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.189Schmidt C, Haïk S, Satoh K, Rábano A, Martinez-Martin P, Roeber S, et al. Rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease: a multicenter update. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;30(4):751–6. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-120007Schmidt C, Haïk S, Satoh K, Rábano A, Martinez-Martin P, Roeber S, et al. Rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease: a multicenter update. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;30(4):751–6. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-120007Hecht M, Krämer LM, von Arnim CAF, Otto M, Thal DR. Capillary cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer’s disease: association with allocortical/hippocampal microinfarcts and cognitive decline. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;135(5):681–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-018-1834-yHecht M, Krämer LM, von Arnim CAF, Otto M, Thal DR. Capillary cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer’s disease: association with allocortical/hippocampal microinfarcts and cognitive decline. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;135(5):681–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-018-1834-ySeidl JN, Massman PJ. Rapidly Versus Slowly Progressing Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease: Differences in Baseline Cognition. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2016;31(4):318–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317515617720Seidl JN, Massman PJ. Rapidly Versus Slowly Progressing Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease: Differences in Baseline Cognition. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2016;31(4):318–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317515617720Schmidt C, Redyk K, Meissner B, Krack L, von Ahsen N, Roeber S, Kretzschmar H, Zerr I. Clinical Features of Rapidly Progressive Alzheimer’s Disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2010;29(4):371–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000278692Schmidt C, Redyk K, Meissner B, Krack L, von Ahsen N, Roeber S, Kretzschmar H, Zerr I. Clinical Features of Rapidly Progressive Alzheimer’s Disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2010;29(4):371–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000278692Herden JM, Hermann P, Schmidt I, Dittmar K, Canaslan S, Weglage L, et al. Comparative evaluation of clinical and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker characteristics in rapidly and non-rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2023;15(1):106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-023-01249-yHerden JM, Hermann P, Schmidt I, Dittmar K, Canaslan S, Weglage L, et al. Comparative evaluation of clinical and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker characteristics in rapidly and non-rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2023;15(1):106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-023-01249-yLoeffler DA. Modifiable, non-modifiable, and clinical factors associated with progression of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;80:1–27. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201182Loeffler DA. Modifiable, non-modifiable, and clinical factors associated with progression of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;80:1–27. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201182Ba M, Li X, Ng KP, Pascoal TA, Mathotaarachchi S, Rosa-Neto P, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The prevalence and biomarkers’ characteristic of rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. Alzheimers Dement (NY). 2017;3(1):107–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2016.12.005Ba M, Li X, Ng KP, Pascoal TA, Mathotaarachchi S, Rosa-Neto P, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The prevalence and biomarkers’ characteristic of rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. Alzheimers Dement (NY). 2017;3(1):107–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2016.12.005Bond M, Rogers G, Peters J, Anderson R, Hoyle M, Miners A, et al. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (review of Technology Appraisal No. 111): a systematic review and economic model. Health Technology Assessment. 2012;16(21):1–470. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta16210Bond M, Rogers G, Peters J, Anderson R, Hoyle M, Miners A, et al. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (review of Technology Appraisal No. 111): a systematic review and economic model. Health Technology Assessment. 2012;16(21):1–470. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta16210Дудченко НГ, Васенина ЕЕ. Быстропрогрессирующие деменции. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2019;119(9–2):78–84. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201911909278Dudchenko NG, Vasenina EE. Rapidly progressive dementia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2019;119(9–2):78–84 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201911909278Коваленко ЕА, Боголепова АН. Постинсультный когнитивный дефицит: основные особенности и факторы риска. Consilium Medicum. 2017;19(2):14–8. EDN: ZEPYCTKovalenko EA, Bogolepova AN. Post-stroke cognitive decline: the main features and risk factors. Consilium Medicum. 2017;19(2):14–8 (In Russ.). EDN: ZEPYCTГригорьева ВН, Семенова ТН, Григорьева КА. «Таламическая деменция» при билатеральном инсульте зрительных бугров: динамика когнитивных расстройств. Неврологический журнал. 2017;22(2):86–96. EDN: YUEYWPGrigor’eva VN, Semenova TN, Grigor’eva KA. “Thalamic Dementia” in Bilateral Thalamic Stroke: Dynamics оf Cognitive Disorders. Neurological Journal. 2017;22(2):86–96 (In Russ.). EDN: YUEYWPYuan L, Chen X, Jankovic J, Deng H. CADASIL: A NOTCH3-associated cerebral small vessel disease. J Adv Res. 2024;2:S2090-1232(24)00001-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.001Yuan L, Chen X, Jankovic J, Deng H. CADASIL: A NOTCH3-associated cerebral small vessel disease. J Adv Res. 2024;2:S2090-1232(24)00001-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.001Li CS, Wang TW, Wang J, Li SH, Li N, Wang XS, Fang L. Phenotypic characterization of CADASIL patients with the Arg332Cys mutation in the NOTCH3. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(1):10. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.11.87Li CS, Wang TW, Wang J, Li SH, Li N, Wang XS, Fang L. Phenotypic characterization of CADASIL patients with the Arg332Cys mutation in the NOTCH3. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(1):10. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.11.87Royall DR. Measurement of meaningful treatment effects in CADASIL. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(8):673–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70149-2Royall DR. Measurement of meaningful treatment effects in CADASIL. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(8):673–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70149-2Mitrović J, Golob M, Lazibat I. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system — a diagnostic challenge. Acta Clin Croat. 2023;62(2):355–61.Mitrović J, Golob M, Lazibat I. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system — a diagnostic challenge. Acta Clin Croat. 2023;62(2):355–61.Pascarella R, Antonenko K, Boulouis G, De Boysson H, Giannini C, Heldner MR, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS). Eur Stroke J. 2023;8(4):842–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873231190431Pascarella R, Antonenko K, Boulouis G, De Boysson H, Giannini C, Heldner MR, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS). Eur Stroke J. 2023;8(4):842–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873231190431Salvarani C, Brown RD Jr, Calamia KT, Christianson TJ, Weigand SD, Miller DV, et al. Primary central nervous system vasculitis: analysis of 101 patients. Annals of Neurology. 2007;62(5):442–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21226Salvarani C, Brown RD Jr, Calamia KT, Christianson TJ, Weigand SD, Miller DV, et al. Primary central nervous system vasculitis: analysis of 101 patients. Annals of Neurology. 2007;62(5):442–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21226Калашникова ЛА, Добрынина ЛА, Легенько МС. Первичный васкулит центральной нервной системы. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. СС Корсакова. 2019;119(8):113–23. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2019119081113Kalashnikova LA, Dobrynina LA, Legenko MS. Primary central nervous system vasculitis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2019;119(8):113–23 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2019119081113Degnan AJ, Levy LM. Neuroimaging of rapidly progressive dementias, part 2: prion, inflammatory, neoplastic, and other etiologies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(3):424–31. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3455Degnan AJ, Levy LM. Neuroimaging of rapidly progressive dementias, part 2: prion, inflammatory, neoplastic, and other etiologies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(3):424–31. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3455Heinemann U, Gawinecka J, Schmidt C, Zerr I. Differential diagnosis of rapid progressive dementia. Eur Neurol Rev. 2010;5(2):21–8.Heinemann U, Gawinecka J, Schmidt C, Zerr I. Differential diagnosis of rapid progressive dementia. Eur Neurol Rev. 2010;5(2):21–8.Newman MP, Blum S, Wong RC, Scott JG, Prain K, Wilson RJ, Gillis D. Autoimmune encephalitis. Intern Med J. 2016;46(2):148–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12974Newman MP, Blum S, Wong RC, Scott JG, Prain K, Wilson RJ, Gillis D. Autoimmune encephalitis. Intern Med J. 2016;46(2):148–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12974Куликова СЛ, Лихачев СА. Аутоиммунные энцефалиты. Неврология и нейрохирургия. Восточная Европа. 2015;3:58–65. EDN: UMQXKDKulikova SL, Likhachev SA. Autoimmune encephalitis. Neurology and neurosurgery. Vostochnaya Evropa. 2015;3:58–65 (In Russ.). EDN: UMQXKDДавыдовская МВ, Бойко АН, Беляева ИА, Мартынов МЮ, Гусев ЕИ. Аутоиммунные энцефалиты. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. СС Корсакова. 2015;115(4):95–101. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20151154195-101Davydovskaya MV, Boiko AN, Belyaeva IA, Martynov MYu, Gusev EI. Autoimmune encephalitis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2015;115(4):95–101 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20151154195-101Васенина ЕЕ, Левин ОС, Ганькина ОА, Чимагомедова АШ, Левиков ДИ. Аутоиммунный энцефалит с антителами к NMDA-рецепторам. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии. 2017;117(2):110–6. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201711721110-116Vasenina EE, Levin OS, Gan’kina OA, Chimagomedova ASh, Levikov DI. Autoimmune anti-NMDA-R encephalitis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2017;117(2):110–16 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201711721110-116Rosenbloom MH, Atri A. The evaluation of rapidly progressive dementia. Neurologist. 2011;17(2):67–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/NRL.0b013e31820ba5e3Rosenbloom MH, Atri A. The evaluation of rapidly progressive dementia. Neurologist. 2011;17(2):67–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/NRL.0b013e31820ba5e3Кутлубаев МА, Гехтман ОВ, Закирова ЭН. Энцефалопатия Хашимото (краткий обзор литературы и клиническое наблюдение). Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2019;11(1):79–83. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2019-1-79-83Kutlubaev MA, Gekhtman OV, Zakirova EN. Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (a brief review of literature and a clinical case). Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2019;11(1):79–83. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2019-1-79-83

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.