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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-311</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-311</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ТОКСИКОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: CURRENT ISSUES IN TOXICOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние общего перегревания и местного охлаждения на переносимость фентанила крысами</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The effect of general hyperthermia and local cooling on fentanyl tolerance in rats</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1057-5356</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивницкий</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivnitsky</surname><given-names>Ju. Ju.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ивницкий Юрий Юрьевич - д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jury Ju. Ivnitsky</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">neugierig@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9665-9866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вакуненкова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakunenkova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вакуненкова Ольга Александровна</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Vakunenkova</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volga-2303@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-3637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головко</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovko</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Головко Александр Иванович - д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandr I. Golovko</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prgolovko@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3418-1095</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лапина Наталья Вадимовна - канд. мед. наук</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya V. Lapina</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lapina2005@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4472-6546</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рейнюк</surname><given-names>В. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rejniuk</surname><given-names>V. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рейнюк Владимир Леонидович - д-р мед. наук</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir L. Rejniuk</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">email@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-клинический центр токсикологии им. академика С.Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>475</fpage><lpage>482</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Вакуненкова О.А., Головко А.И., Лапина Н.В., Рейнюк В.Л., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Вакуненкова О.А., Головко А.И., Лапина Н.В., Рейнюк В.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivnitsky J.J., Vakunenkova O.A., Golovko A.I., Lapina N.V., Rejniuk V.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/311">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/311</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Токсичность многих ксенобиотиков возрастает с температурой воздуха, но неизвестно, относится ли это к наркотическим анальгетикам и как на эту зависимость влияют меры помощи, рекомендуемые при тепловом ударе.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценка влияния повышенной температуры воздуха и местного охлаждения на острую токсичность фентанила.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведены три серии экспериментов: в первой изучено влияние повышенной температуры воздуха на дозовую зависимость летального и наркотического действия фентанила. Формировали 11 групп по 20 крыс, которым внутривенно (в/в) вводили фентанил в дозах 50, 100, 200, 300 или 400 мкг/кг и группу (n = 14) без введения препарата. После введения фентанила часть крыс (n = 100) содержали в течение суток при температуре воздуха 22 °С; вторую часть (n = 100) — 40 мин в термокамере при 40 °С и далее в течение суток при 22 °С; не получивших фентанил наблюдали в термокамере до первого случая гибели, затем — в течение суток при 22 °С. Во второй серии изучено влияние охлаждения головы на летальность, латентное время пробуждения, ректальную температуру крыс (n = 49) через 40 мин после в/в введения фентанила в дозе 300 мкг/кг (LD5). Формировали 4 группы животных, которых после введения фентанила содержали 40 мин при 22 или 40 °С с местным охлаждением neurocranium или без него и последующим наблюдением в течение суток при 22 °С. В третьей серии по такой же схеме изучено влияние охлаждения средней трети вентральной поверхности туловища на летальность, латентное время пробуждения и ректальную температуру крыс (n = 48) через 40 мин после введения фентанила в той же дозе. Статистический анализ проведен с использованием программного обеспечения OriginPro.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Сорокаминутное пребывание интактных крыс при 40 °С было нелетальным. После введения фентанила в дозах 100– 400 мкг/кг летальность составила 0–5% при 22 °С и 60–95% при 40 °С. Гипертермия при 40 °С на фоне введения фентанила в дозе 300 мкг/кг замедлялась при охлаждении головы и предотвращалась при охлаждении вентральной поверхности туловища. Охлаждение вентральной поверхности туловища, но не головы, снижало летальность со 100 до 8%. При 22 °С оба варианта местного охлаждения углубляли вызванную фентанилом гипотермию, существенно не влияя на летальность и продолжительность наркоза.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Общее перегревание потенцирует летальное и наркотическое действие фентанила на крыс. Охлаждение в этих условиях вентральной поверхности туловища — эффективная мера предупреждения гипертермии и летальности, а охлаждение головы малоэффективно. При комнатной температуре оба варианта местного охлаждения углубляют вызванную фентанилом гипотермию, существенно не влияя на летальность. Требует оценки эффективность охлаждения вентральной поверхности туловища не только при комбинированном, но и при изолированном перегревании организма.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The toxicity of a number of xenobiotics increases with air temperature. However, it remains unknown whether this applies to narcotic analgesics and whether this dependence can be corrected by first aid measures recommended for heat stroke.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Evaluation of the effect of elevated air temperatures and local cooling on the acute toxicity of fentanyl.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Three series of experiments were conducted. In the first series, the effect of elevated air temperatures on the dose dependence of the lethal and narcotic effects of fentanyl was studied. In total, 11 groups of 20 rats each were formed, which were intravenously administered fentanyl at doses of 50, 100, 200, 300, or 400 µg/kg, and one group (n = 14) without drug administration. Following fentanyl administration, one subset of rats (n = 100) was kept for 24 h at an air temperature of 22 °C; the second subset (n = 100) was kept for 40 min in a thermal chamber at 40 °C and then for 24 h at 22 °C. Those not receiving fentanyl were observed in a thermal chamber until the first case of death, then for 24 h at 22 °С. In the second series of experiments, the effect of head cooling on lethality, latent awakening time, and rectal temperature of rats (n = 49) 40 min after intravenous administration of fentanyl at a dose of 300 µg/kg (LD5) was studied. Four groups of animals were formed, which were kept after fentanyl administration for 40 min at 22 or 40 °С with or without local cooling of the neurocranium, followed by observation for 24 h at 22 °С. In the third series of experiments, following the same scheme, the effect of cooling the middle third of the ventral surface of the torso on lethality, latent awakening time, and rectal temperature of rats (n = 48) 40 min after fentanyl administration at the same dose was studied. Statistical analysis was performed using the OriginPro software.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A 40-min exposure at 40 °С was non-lethal for intact rats. After administration of fentanyl at doses of 100–400 µg/kg, lethality reached 0–5% and 60–95% at 22 °С and 40 °С, respectively. Hyperthermia induced by 40 °С exposure under fentanyl administration at a dose of 300 µg/kg was mitigated by head cooling and prevented by cooling the ventral surface of the torso. Cooling the ventral surface of the torso, rather than the head, reduced lethality from 100% to 8%. At 22 °С, both local cooling methods deepened fentanyl-induced hypothermia without significantly affecting lethality or anesthesia duration.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The general overheating potentiates the lethal and narcotic effects of fentanyl in rats. Under these conditions, cooling the ventral surface of the torso is an effective measure to prevent hyperthermia and lethality, while head cooling is ineffective. At room temperature, both local cooling methods deepen fentanyl-induced hypothermia without significantly affecting lethality. The efficacy of cooling the ventral surface of the torso requires evaluation not only during combined overheating but also during isolated overheating of the organism.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>летальность</kwd><kwd>местное охлаждение</kwd><kwd>общее перегревание</kwd><kwd>острая интоксикация</kwd><kwd>температура тела</kwd><kwd>фентанил</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lethality</kwd><kwd>local cooling</kwd><kwd>general overheating</kwd><kwd>acute intoxication</kwd><kwd>body temperature</kwd><kwd>fentanyl</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">исследование выполнено без спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the study was carried out without sponsorship</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acs A, Schmidt J, Németh Z, Fodor I, Farkas A. 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