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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2757</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-2765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-319</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-319</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SPACE MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эпидемиологический анализ смертности космонавтов: 1960–2023</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiological analysis of cosmonaut mortality: 1960–2023</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0270-8622</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушаков</surname><given-names>И. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushakov</surname><given-names>I. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ушаков Игорь Борисович, д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor B. Ushakov, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iushakov@fmbcfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1565-4560</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бушманов</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bushmanov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бушманов Андрей Юрьевич, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrei Yu. Bushmanov, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abushmanov@fmbcfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2765-2856</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бетц</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Betts</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бетц Кристина Валерьевна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina V. Betts, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">c.betts@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8317-2718</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бухтияров</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bukhtiyarov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бухтияров Игорь Валентинович, д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor V. Bukhtiyarov, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bukhtiyarov@irioh.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4344-5066</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронков</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronkov</surname><given-names>Yu. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Воронков Юрий Иванович, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuri I. Voronkov, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">voronkov@imbp.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1429-1358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришин</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishin</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гришин Алексей Петрович</p><p>Звездный Городок</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey P. Grishin</p><p>Zvyozdny Gorodok</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.grishin@gctc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жернавков</surname><given-names>А. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhernavkov</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жернавков Анатолий Федорович, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoliy F. Zhernavkov, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.zhernavkov@gctc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда им. академика Н.Ф. Измерова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт медико-биологических проблем Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский испытательный центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А. Гагарина<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Gagarin Research and Test Cosmonaut Training Center<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru">Ассоциация авиационно-космической, морской, экстремальной и экологической медицины России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Association of Aerospace, Marine, Extreme and Environmental Medicine of Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>112</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ушаков И.Б., Бушманов А.Ю., Бетц К.В., Бухтияров И.В., Воронков Ю.И., Гришин А.П., Жернавков А.Ф., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ушаков И.Б., Бушманов А.Ю., Бетц К.В., Бухтияров И.В., Воронков Ю.И., Гришин А.П., Жернавков А.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ushakov I.B., Bushmanov A.Y., Betts K.V., Bukhtiyarov I.V., Voronkov Y.I., Grishin A.P., Zhernavkov A.F.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/319">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/319</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Когортные аналитические эпидемиологические исследования состояния здоровья космонавтов имеют ряд особенностей, связанных со спецификой изучаемой профессиональной группы. Уточнение отдаленных показателей здоровья можно ожидать только при условии расширения периода наблюдения за когортой космонавтов СССР и России, впервые сформированной в 2013 г., с систематическим обновлением расчетных данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Анализ изменений основных показателей смертности отечественных космонавтов при 5-летнем расширении периода наблюдения за когортой до 2023 г.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. С применением проспективного наблюдения за исторически сформированной когортой космонавтов СССР и России мужского пола за период с 1960 по 2023 г. выполнено обновление данных, с помощью показателя стандартизованного относительного риска (СОР) с 95% доверительным интервалом (95% ДИ) оценен риск смерти космонавтов. Проведены обработка и анализ закодированных и обезличенных персональных данных космонавтов. Общее количество участников на дату закрытия когорты (31.12.2023) составило 270 космонавтов, разделенных в зависимости от наличия опыта космического полета (КП) на две группы: группа 1 — 127 человек (47,0%), космонавты, совершившие хотя бы один КП; группа 2 — 143 человека (53,0%), космонавты, не имеющие опыта КП («внутренний контроль»). Мужское население России принято за «внешнюю» контрольную группу. Анализ причин смерти проведен по укрупненным классам болезней в соответствии с МКБ-10. Дополнительно собрана информация об исходном образовании космонавтов как фактора, значительно влияющего на траекторию жизни. Статистическая обработка произведена с использованием пакета программного обеспечения Microsoft Office и программного обеспечения Stata 14.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Увеличение периода наблюдения способствовало повышению точности показателей риска смерти космонавтов за счет сужения 95% ДИ. Риск смерти космонавтов, совершивших космический полет (КП), от всех причин смерти в совокупности достоверно ниже при сравнении как с мужским населением России (СОР = 0,37; 95% ДИ 0,27–0,50), так и с космонавтами без опыта КП (СОР = 0,73; 95% ДИ 0,53–0,98). Получено отсутствие достоверного снижения риска смерти космонавтов, имеющих опыт КП, от злокачественных новообразований при сравнении с населением (СОР = 0,62, 95% ДИ 0,32–1,09). Показано наличие связи между исходным образованием космонавтов и средним возрастом смерти: средний возраст смерти космонавтов — военных специалистов, имеющих опыт КП, составил 68,1 года, не имеющих опыта КП — 60,3 года (p = 0,015).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Для космонавтов, совершивших КП, сохраняется общая онкологическая настороженность, несмотря на однозначно лучшее состояние их здоровья при сравнении с обеими контрольными группами. Уточнение полученных данных может быть достигнуто только при расширении периода наблюдения, в том числе за счет увеличения времени, проведенного в космосе за карьеру, в зависимости от жизненного статуса космонавтов. Обнаружено наличие внутренних факторов, влияющих на здоровье космонавтов без опыта КП: связь между профессиональным образованием и средним возрастом смерти говорит о необходимости разработки индивидуальных профилактических мероприятий для этой группы лиц, а также углубленного наблюдения за состоянием их здоровья после завершения карьеры.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Cohort analytical epidemiological studies of cosmonauts’ health have a number of specific features. The estimates of long-term health outcomes in this occupational group can only be refined provided that the observation period of the Soviet and Russian cosmonaut cohort, originally established in 2013, be extended and regularly updated with emerging data.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Analysis of changes in the main mortality indicators of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts over the cohort observation period extended by five years until 2023.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Using prospective observation studies over the historically formed cohort of male Soviet and Russian cosmonauts in 1960–2023, data update was implemented. Encoded and anonymized personal data of cosmonauts underwent processing and analysis. Using the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI), mortality risk among cosmonauts was assessed. The total number of participants as of the cohort closure date (31.12.2023) was 270 cosmonauts, divided into two groups based on the presence of spaceflight (SF) experience. Group 1 comprised 127  cosmonauts (47.0%), who undertook at least one SF. Group 2 comprised 143  cosmonauts (53.0%) without SF experience (internal control). The male population of Russia served as the external control group. Cause-of-death analysis was conducted according to ICD-10. Additionally, information on the initial education of cosmonauts as a factor significantly influencing life trajectory was collected. Statistical processing was carried out using the MS and Stata 14 software packages.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Extending the observation period contributed to an increased accuracy of death risk metrics by narrowing the 95% confidence intervals. The all-cause mortality risk among cosmonauts with SF experience was found to be reliably lower compared to both the male population of Russia (SMR = 0.37; 95% CI 0.27–0.50) and cosmonauts without SF experience (SMR = 0.73; 95% CI 0.53–0.98). No statistically significant decrease in cancer-related death risk was observed among cosmonauts with SF experience compared to the general population (SMR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.32–1.09). A correlation was found between the initial education of cosmonauts and mean age at death. Thus, the mean age of death for cosmonauts with military specialization and SF experience was 68.1 years, compared to 60.3 years (p = 0.015) for those without SF experience.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Oncological vigilance in cosmonauts with SF experience is generally higher than in both control groups, despite their unequivocally better health status. Further refinement of the data obtained can only be achieved by extending the observation period, considering the career-long duration of space stay in relation to the health status of cosmonauts. Individual-related factors affecting the health of cosmonauts without SF experience were identified. The link between professional education and the mean age at death underscores the need for developing individual preventive measures for this group and longer post-career health monitoring.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>космонавты</kwd><kwd>космический полет</kwd><kwd>смертность</kwd><kwd>когортные исследования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cosmonauts</kwd><kwd>space flight</kwd><kwd>mortality</kwd><kwd>cohort studies</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>работа выполнена без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>the study was carried out without sponsorship.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Cohort studies: marching towards outcomes. 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