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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2024.025</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-32</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Морфологические характеристики токсического поражения головного мозга</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological characteristics of toxic brain damage</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайкова</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaikova</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 1, г. Санкт-Петербург; 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bekhtereva, 1, Saint-Petersburg; 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 1, г. Санкт-Петербург; 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bekhtereva, 1, Saint-Petersburg; 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Катрецкая</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Katretskaya</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 1, г. Санкт-Петербург; 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bekhtereva, 1, Saint-Petersburg; 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 1, г. Санкт-Петербург; 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bekhtereva, 1, Saint-Petersburg; 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мелехова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melekhova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 1, г. Санкт-Петербург; 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bekhtereva, 1, Saint-Petersburg; 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бондаренко</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bondarenko</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 1, г. Санкт-Петербург; 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bekhtereva, 1, Saint-Petersburg; 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>Ю. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>Yu. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 1, г. Санкт-Петербург; 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bekhtereva, 1, Saint-Petersburg; 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бажанова</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazhanova</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Давыдовна Бажанова</p><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 1, г. Санкт-Петербург; 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bekhtereva, 1, Saint-Petersburg; 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-клинический центр токсикологии имени С. Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Golikov Research Clinical Center of Toxicology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-клинический центр токсикологии имени С. Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства; Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии имени И. М. Сеченова Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Golikov Research Clinical Center of Toxicology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гайкова О.Н., Козлов А.А., Катрецкая Г.Г., Мельникова М.В., Мелехова А.С., Бондаренко А.А., Соколова Ю.О., Бажанова Е.Д., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гайкова О.Н., Козлов А.А., Катрецкая Г.Г., Мельникова М.В., Мелехова А.С., Бондаренко А.А., Соколова Ю.О., Бажанова Е.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gaikova O.N., Kozlov A.A., Katretskaya G.G., Melnikova M.V., Melekhova A.S., Bondarenko A.A., Sokolova Y.O., Bazhanova E.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/32">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/32</self-uri><abstract><p>Воздействие различных токсикантов на ткани организма вызывает в них патологические изменения, в итоге приводящие к дистрофическим и некротическим изменениям. Из-за высокой метаболической активности и неспособности клеток к самовозобновлению нервная система наиболее уязвима к влиянию экзогенных веществ как химической, так и биологической природы. Нейротоксиканты приводят к нарушению питания клеток и в итоге к нейродегенерации. Нейроны могут погибать как вследствие апоптоза, так и некроза.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The effects of various toxicants on the body tissues cause tissue abnormalities resulting in dystrophic changes and necrosis. The nervous system is the most vulnerable to the effects of exogenic substances, both chemical and biological, due to high metabolic activity and the cells' incapability of self-renewal. Neurotoxicants lead to disturbances of cellular nutrition and eventually to neurodegeneration. Neurons can die due to both apoptosis and necrosis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>токсическое поражение</kwd><kwd>нервная система</kwd><kwd>дистрофия</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>нейродегенерация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>toxic damage</kwd><kwd>nervous system</kwd><kwd>dystrophy</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>neurodegeneration</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа проведена в рамках выполнения Государственного задания ФМБА России № 388-00071-24-00 (код темы 64.004.24.800) и при поддержке Государственного задания ИЭФБ РАН № 075-00264-24-00.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted as part of the State Assignment of the FMBA of Russia No. 388-00071-24-00 (theme code 64.004.24.800) and supported by the State Assignment of the Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS No. 075-00264-24-00.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Катаманова Е. 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