<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2757</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-2765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-322</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-322</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SPACE MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Новые подходы к организации локомоторных тренировок в длительных космических полетах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>New approaches to the organization of locomotor training during long-term spaceflight</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3697-3165</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысова</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lysova</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лысова Наталия Юрьевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya Yu. Lysova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cehbr@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6120-2743</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савенко</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savenko</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Савенко Ольга Анатольевна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Savenko</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cool.savenko-olga@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4784-7586</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котов</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotov</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Котов Олег Валериевич, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg V. Kotov, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kotov2710@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт медико-биологических проблем Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>197</fpage><lpage>204</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лысова Н.Ю., Савенко О.А., Котов О.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лысова Н.Ю., Савенко О.А., Котов О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lysova N.Y., Savenko O.A., Kotov O.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/322">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/322</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Основным средством российской системы профилактики негативного влияния невесомости являются локомоторные тренировки, выполняющиеся по строго заданным протоколам, без индивидуального подхода и периодизации тренировочного процесса.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучение влияния периодизации локомоторных тренировок на работоспособность членов экипажей длительных космических миссий.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 12 космонавтов. Космонавты были разделены на две группы: группа БД (n = 6), участники которой выполняли локомоторные тренировки в строгом соответствии со стандартной системой бортовой документации; группа ИД (n = 6), в которой выполнялись тренировки с использованием индивидуальных протоколов и периодизацией тренировочного процесса. Оценка физической работоспособности проводилась до космического полета (КП) и 3 раза в КП по результатам штатного ступенчатого локомоторного теста. Оценивали достигнутые скорости на наиболее интенсивных ступенях тестирования, пройденное за тест расстояние, пульсовую стоимость тестирования. Статистическая обработка проведена в программе Statistica10, использовали непараметрические методы описательной статистики.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Было показано, что во второй части КП космонавты группы ИД достигали бóльших скоростей на ступенях среднего и быстрого бега, а также преодолевали большее расстояние на 18,5–20,7% (p ≤ 0,05) и 5–12% (p ≤ 0,05) по сравнению с группой БД и с фоновым тестированием соответственно. Пульсовая стоимость нагрузки в группе ИД была ниже на протяжении всего КП по сравнению с фоновыми значениями и ниже по сравнению с группой БД во 2-й и 3-й полетной сессии.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Использование периодизации и индивидуального подхода в условиях КП обладает большей профилактической эффективностью по сравнению со стандартными бортовыми тренировками.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. In Russia, locomotor training is the key approach to mitigating the negative effects of weightlessness. Locomotor training is performed according to strictly defined protocols, without individualization and periodization of the training process.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To study the effect of periodization of locomotor training on the performance of crewmembers during long-term space missions.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study involved 12 cosmonauts, who were divided into two groups. The first group (BD, n = 6) included the participants who performed locomotor training in strict accordance with the standard on-board documentation system. The second group (ID, n = 6) included the participants who performed training using individual protocols and periodization of the training process. The assessment of physical performance was carried out according to the results of a regular stepwise locomotive test prior to a spaceflight (SF) mission and three times during SF. The test evaluated the achieved speeds at the most intensive stages of testing, the distance traveled during the test, and heart beats per distance (pulse value performance). Statistical processing was carried out in Statistica 10; nonparametric methods of descriptive statistics were used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In the second part of SF, cosmonauts in the ID group reached higher speeds at the stages of medium and fast running and covered a greater distance by 18.5–20.7% (p &lt; 0.05) and 5–12% (p &lt; 0.05) compared with the BD group and with the baseline testing, respectively. The beats per distance in the ID group was lower throughout the SF compared to both the baseline values and the BD group in the 2nd and 3rd flight testing sessions.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. In the conditions of SF, locomotor training programs based on periodization and individualization demonstrate a greater preventive effectiveness compared to standard on-board training.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>космический полет</kwd><kwd>профилактика негативного влияния невесомости</kwd><kwd>физическая работоспособность</kwd><kwd>локомоторные тренировки</kwd><kwd>периодизация</kwd><kwd>индивидуальный подход</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>space flight</kwd><kwd>prevention of the negative effects of weightlessness</kwd><kwd>physical performance</kwd><kwd>locomotor training</kwd><kwd>periodization</kwd><kwd>individual approach</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена в рамках базовой тематики РАН 65.1.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was carried out within the framework of the basic theme of RAS 65.1.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьев АИ, Дитлайн ЛФ, Козловская ИБ, Соуин ЧФ. Профилактические мероприятия в кратковременных и длительных космических полетах. В кн.: Пестов ИД, Дитлайн ЛФ, ред. Космическая биология и медицина. Здоровье, работоспособность, безопасность космических экипажей. СПб.: Наука; 2001. С. 63–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigorev AI, Ditlayn LF, Kozlovskaya IB, Souin ChF. Countermeasures in short-term and long-term space flights.. In: Pestov ID, Ditlayn LF, ed. Space biology and medicine. Health Performance safety of space crews. Saint-Peterburg: Nauka; 2001. P. 63–98 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paladugu P, Ong J, Kumar R, Waisberg E, Zaman N, Kamran SA, Lee AG. Lower body negative pressure as a research tool and countermeasure for the physiological effects of spaceflight: a comprehensive review. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2024;42:8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paladugu P, Ong J, Kumar R, Waisberg E, Zaman N, Kamran SA, Lee AG. Lower body negative pressure as a research tool and countermeasure for the physiological effects of spaceflight: a comprehensive review. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2024;42:8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plisk SS, Stone MH. Periodization strategies. Strength &amp; Conditioning Journal. 2003;25(6):19–37. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200312000-00005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plisk SS, Stone MH. Periodization strategies. Strength &amp; Conditioning Journal. 2003;25(6):19–37. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200312000-00005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haff GG. Roundtable discussion: Periodization of training. Part 1. Strength &amp; Conditioning Journal. 2004;26(1):50–69. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200402000-00016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haff GG. Roundtable discussion: Periodization of training. Part 1. Strength &amp; Conditioning Journal. 2004;26(1):50–69. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200402000-00016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козловская ИБ, Пестов ИД, Егоров АД. Система профилактики в длительных космических полетах. Авиакосм. и экол. мед. 2008;42(6):66–73. EDN: QBAVLZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlovskaya IB, Pestov ID, Egorov AD The countermeasure system in long-duration space flights. Aerospace and environmental medicine. 2008;42(6):66–73 (In Russ.). EDN: QBAVLZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фомина ЕВ, Лысова НЮ, Козловская ИБ. Профилактика неблагоприятного влияния невесомости. В кн: Григорьев АИ, Ушаков ИБ, ред. Космическая медицина и биология. Сборник научных статей. М.: ИМБП; 2013. C. 61–79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fomina EV, Lysova NYu, Kozlovskaya IB. Countermeasure of the negative effects of weightlessness. In: Grigor’ev AI. Ushakov IB, ed. Space medicine and biology. Collection of scientific articles. Moscow: IMBP, 2013. P. 61–79 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bompa TO, Buzzichelli C. Periodization-: theory and methodology of training. 5th ed. USA: Human kinetics; 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bompa TO, Buzzichelli C. Periodization-: theory and methodology of training. 5th ed. USA: Human kinetics; 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Issurin VB. New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports medicine. 2010;40:189–206. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319770-000000000-00000</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Issurin VB. New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports medicine. 2010;40:189–206. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319770-000000000-00000</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casado A, González-Mohíno F, González-Ravé JM, Foster C. Training periodization, methods, intensity distribution, and volume in highly trained and elite distance runners: a systematic review. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2022;17(6):820–33. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casado A, González-Mohíno F, González-Ravé JM, Foster C. Training periodization, methods, intensity distribution, and volume in highly trained and elite distance runners: a systematic review. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2022;17(6):820–33. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seiler S. What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes?. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2010;5(3):276–91. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seiler S. What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes?. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2010;5(3):276–91. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benjamini Y, Yekutieli D. The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. Annals of statistics. 2001;1165–88. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1013699998</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benjamini Y, Yekutieli D. The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. Annals of statistics. 2001;1165–88. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1013699998</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ярманова ЕН, Козловская ИБ. Подходы к разработке тренажера «бегущая дорожка» для пилотируемых космических станций. М.: Петит; 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yarmanova EN, Kozlovskaya IB. Approaches to the development of the treadmill simulator for manned space stations. Moscow: Petit; 2020 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hackney KJ, Scott JM, Hanson AM, English KL, Downs ME, Ploutz-Snyder LL. The astronaut-athlete: optimizing human performance in space. The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research. 2015;29(12):3531–45. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hackney KJ, Scott JM, Hanson AM, English KL, Downs ME, Ploutz-Snyder LL. The astronaut-athlete: optimizing human performance in space. The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research. 2015;29(12):3531–45. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьев АИ, Степанцов ВИ, Тишлер АВ, Михайлов ВМ, Пометов ЮД, Дорохова БР. Средства и методы профилактики неблагоприятного влияния невесомости. В кн: Гуровский НН. ред. Результаты медицинских исследований, выполненных на орбитальном научно-исследовательском комплексе «Салют-6» — «Союз». М., 1986. С. 125–145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigorev AI, Stepantsov VI, Tishler AV, Mikhaylov VM, Pometov YuD, Dorokhova BR. Means and methods of countermeasure of the adverse effects of weightlessness. In: Gurovskiy NN, ed. The results of medical research performed at the orbital research complex “Salyut-6” — “Soyuz”. Moscow, 1986. P. 125–45 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore AD, Lynn PA, Feiveson AH. The first 10 years of aerobic exercise responses to long-duration ISS flights. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015;86(12):A78–86. https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.EC10.2015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore AD, Lynn PA, Feiveson AH. The first 10 years of aerobic exercise responses to long-duration ISS flights. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. 2015;86(12):A78–86. https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.EC10.2015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Apte S, Troxler S, BessonC, Gremeaux V, Aminian, K. Augmented Cooper test: Biomechanical contributions to endurance performance. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2022;4:935272. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.935272</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apte S, Troxler S, BessonC, Gremeaux V, Aminian, K. Augmented Cooper test: Biomechanical contributions to endurance performance. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2022;4:935272. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.935272</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виноградова ОЛ, Томиловская ЕС, Козловская ИБ. Гравитационный фактор как основа эволюционного приспособления животных организмов к деятельности в наземных условиях. Авиакосм. и экол. мед. 2020;54(6):5–26. https://doi.org/10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-5-26</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinogradova OL, Tomilovskaya ES, Kozlovskaya IB. The gravitational factor as the basis of the evolutionary adaptation of animal organisms to activity in Earth conditions. Aerospace and environmental medicine. 2020;54(6):5–26 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-5-26</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pramanik J, Kumar A, Panchal L, Prajapati B. Countermeasures for Maintaining Cardiovascular Health in Space Missions. Current Cardiology Reviews. 2023;19(5):57–67. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X19666230330083225</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pramanik J, Kumar A, Panchal L, Prajapati B. Countermeasures for Maintaining Cardiovascular Health in Space Missions. Current Cardiology Reviews. 2023;19(5):57–67. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X19666230330083225</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alfrey CP, Udden MM, Leach-Huntoon C, Driscoll T, Pickett MH. Control of red blood cell mass in spaceflight. Journal of applied physiology. 1996;81(1):98–104. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.98</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alfrey CP, Udden MM, Leach-Huntoon C, Driscoll T, Pickett MH. Control of red blood cell mass in spaceflight. Journal of applied physiology. 1996;81(1):98–104. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.98</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perhonen MA, Franco F, Lane LD, Buckey JC, Blomqvist CG, Zerwekh JE, et al. Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. Journal of applied physiology. 2001;91(2):645–53. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.645</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perhonen MA, Franco F, Lane LD, Buckey JC, Blomqvist CG, Zerwekh JE, et al. Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. Journal of applied physiology. 2001;91(2):645–53. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.645</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shibata S, Wakeham DJ, Thomas JD, Abdullah SM, Platts S, Bungo MW, Levine BD. Cardiac effects of long-duration space flight. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2023;82(8):674–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.05.058</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shibata S, Wakeham DJ, Thomas JD, Abdullah SM, Platts S, Bungo MW, Levine BD. Cardiac effects of long-duration space flight. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2023;82(8):674–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.05.058</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitts RH, Colloton PA, Trappe SW, Costill DL, Bain JL, Riley DA. Effects of prolonged space flight on human skeletal muscle enzyme and substrate profiles. Journal of applied physiology. 2013;115(5):667–79. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00489.2013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fitts RH, Colloton PA, Trappe SW, Costill DL, Bain JL, Riley DA. Effects of prolonged space flight on human skeletal muscle enzyme and substrate profiles. Journal of applied physiology. 2013;115(5):667–79. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00489.2013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Satcher RL, Fiedler B, Ghali A, Dirschl DR. Effect of Spaceflight and Microgravity on the Musculoskeletal System: A Review. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2024;32(12):535–41. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-23-00954</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Satcher RL, Fiedler B, Ghali A, Dirschl DR. Effect of Spaceflight and Microgravity on the Musculoskeletal System: A Review. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2024;32(12):535–41. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-23-00954</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loehr JA, Guilliams ME, Petersen N, Hirsch N, Kawashima S, Ohshima H. Physical training for long-duration spaceflight. Aerospace medicine and human performance. 2015;86(12):A14–23. https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.EC03.2015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loehr JA, Guilliams ME, Petersen N, Hirsch N, Kawashima S, Ohshima H. Physical training for long-duration spaceflight. Aerospace medicine and human performance. 2015;86(12):A14–23. https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.EC03.2015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petersen N, Jaekel P, Rosenberger A, Weber T, Scott J, Castrucci F, et al. Exercise in space: the European Space Agency approach to in-flight exercise countermeasures for long-duration missions on ISS. Extreme physiology &amp; medicine. 2016;5:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-016-0050-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petersen N, Jaekel P, Rosenberger A, Weber T, Scott J, Castrucci F, et al. Exercise in space: the European Space Agency approach to in-flight exercise countermeasures for long-duration missions on ISS. Extreme physiology &amp; medicine. 2016;5:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-016-0050-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
