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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2757</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-2765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-359</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-359</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MICROBIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оптимизация и валидация режимов инактивации спор Bacillus subtilis в среде сверхкритического CO2: чистый газ, перекись водорода, надуксусная кислота</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Optimization and validation of Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation regimes in supercritical carbon dioxide: Pure gas, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-7072</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гветадзе</surname><given-names>Р. Ш.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gvetadze</surname><given-names>R. Sh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гветадзе Рамаз Шалвович, д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ramaz Sh. Gvetadze, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of RAS</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ramaz-gvetadze@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3372-5775</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галстян</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galstyan</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галстян Мариам Сережевна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mariam S. Galstyan</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">galstyan.mariam17@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7181-8211</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харах</surname><given-names>Я. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharakh</surname><given-names>Ya. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Харах Ясер Насерович, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yaser N. Kharakh, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">c.kharakh@gmai.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2947-726X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесников</surname><given-names>П. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesnikov</surname><given-names>P. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колесников Петр Юрьевич</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petr Yu. Kolesnikov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">petrs8@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5380-1475</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киракосян</surname><given-names>Л. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirakosyan</surname><given-names>L. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Киракосян Левон Гамлетович, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Levon G. Kirakosyan, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.lkirakosyan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1737-0887</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подпорин</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Podporin</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Подпорин Михаил Сергеевич, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail S. Podporin, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">podporin.mikhail@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-0367</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царёв</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsarev</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Царев Виктор Николаевич, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor N. Tsarev, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikola777@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6512-8724</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арутюнов</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arutyunov</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Арутюнов Сергей Дарчоевич, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey D. Arutyunov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sd.arutyunov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Российский университет медицины<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>134</fpage><lpage>145</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гветадзе Р.Ш., Галстян М.С., Харах Я.Н., Колесников П.Ю., Киракосян Л.Г., Подпорин М.С., Царёв В.Н., Арутюнов С.Д., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гветадзе Р.Ш., Галстян М.С., Харах Я.Н., Колесников П.Ю., Киракосян Л.Г., Подпорин М.С., Царёв В.Н., Арутюнов С.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gvetadze R.S., Galstyan M.S., Kharakh Y.N., Kolesnikov P.Y., Kirakosyan L.G., Podporin M.S., Tsarev V.N., Arutyunov S.D.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/359">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/359</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Инфекции, связанные с оказанием медицинской помощи (ИСМП), продолжают представлять существенную проблему для здравоохранения. Существующие методы стерилизации имеют ограничения по применимости к термочувствительным материалам и могут сопровождаться остаточной токсичностью или повреждением изделий. Стерилизация сверхкритическим диоксидом углерода, особенно в сочетании с окислительными добавками, представляется перспективной альтернативой, способной обеспечить требуемый уровень микробной безопасности при низких температурах и умеренных давлениях. Однако существующие данные демонстрируют значительную вариабельность результатов в зависимости от условий эксперимента, что указывает на необходимость оптимизации и валидации режимов обработки.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оптимизация и валидация режимов стерилизации спор Bacillus subtilis в эксперименте с использованием сверхкритического диоксида углерода (scCO2), включая чистый scCO2, scCO2 с перекисью водорода (H2O2) и scCO2 с надуксусной кислотой (PAA).</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Эксперименты проводили с использованием прототипа испытательного стенда для исследования режимов стерилизации. В качестве биологического индикатора использовали Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 NCTC 10400. Исследование включало контаминацию титановых дисков спорами; обработку тремя режимами (чистый scCO2, scCO2 + H2O2, scCO2 + PAA); микробиологический анализ с подсчетом выживших спор; статистическую обработку результатов. Для каждого режима были реализованы центральные композиционные планы экспериментов с варьированием температуры, давления и времени экспозиции. Эффективность оценивали по показателю log-reduction жизнеспособных спор, валидационные серии включали по 10 независимых повторов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Газодинамическая обработка чистым scCO2 в диапазоне 35–60 °C, 70–120 атм, 60–120 мин оказалась неэффективной (максимальный log-reduction ≤ 0,8). Добавление окислителей существенно увеличивало степень инактивации: для режима scCO2 + H2O2 (200 ppm) оптимальные параметры составили 37,9 °C, 120 атм, 30 мин (log-reduction 4,4 ± 0,3; CV = 7,3%); для scCO2 + PAA (50 ppm) — 45 °C, 94 атм, 10 мин (log-reduction 6,0 ± 0,3; CV = 4,9%), что соответствует требованиям уровня гарантии стерильности (SAL) для медицинских изделий. Режим с PAA обеспечил статистически значимо более высокую эффективность по сравнению с H2O2 (t-тест, p &lt; 0,001).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Методика стерилизации на основе сверхкритического диоксида углерода с добавлением перекиси водорода или надуксусной кислоты обеспечивает эффективную инактивацию спор Bacillus subtilis при параметрах, соответствующих низкотемпературной обработке термочувствительных медицинских материалов, и удовлетворяет современным требованиям к стерильности медицинских изделий.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) continue to pose a significant challenge to public health. The existing sterilization methods possess a number of limitations regarding their applicability to heat-sensitive materials and the possibility of residual toxicity or material damage. Sterilization using supercritical carbon dioxide, particularly in combination with oxidative additives, appears to be a promising alternative capable of providing the required level of microbial safety at low temperatures and moderate pressures. However, the available data show significant variability depending on experimental conditions, indicating the need for optimization and validation of processing regimes.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Optimization and validation of Bacillus subtilis spore sterilization regimes in an experiment using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), including pure scCO2, scCO2 with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and scCO2 with peracetic acid (PAA).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Experiments were conducted using a prototype test bench for investigating sterilization regimes. Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 NCTC 10400 was used as the biological indicator. The study involved the contamination of titanium discs with spores followed by their treatment under the three regimes (pure scCO2, scCO2 + H2O2, scCO2 + PAA). Further, microbiological analysis with enumeration of surviving spores and statistical processing of the results were carried out. For each regime, central composite experimental designs were implemented, varying temperature, pressure, and exposure duration. Efficacy was assessed based on the log-reduction of viable spores. Validation series included 10 independent replicates each.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Gas-dynamic treatment with pure scCO2 in the range of 35–60°C, 70–120 atm, and 60–120 min proved ineffective (maximum log-reduction ≤ 0.8). The addition of oxidizing agents significantly increased the degree of inactivation: for the scCO2 + H2O2 (200 ppm) regime, the optimal parameters were 37.9°C, 120 atm, 30 min (log-reduction 4.4 ± 0.3; CV = 7.3%); for scCO2 + PAA (50 ppm) — 45°C, 94 atm, 10 min (log-reduction 6.0 ± 0.3; CV = 4.9%), which meets the requirements for the sterility assurance level (SAL) for medical devices. The PAA regime provided a statistically significant higher efficacy compared to H2O2 (t-test, p &lt; 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The sterilization methodology based on supercritical carbon dioxide with the addition of hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid ensures effective inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores under parameters compatible with the low-temperature processing of heat-sensitive medical materials, thus meeting modern sterility requirements for medical devices.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Bacillus subtilis</kwd><kwd>стерилизация термолабильных медицинских изделий</kwd><kwd>стерилизация диоксидом углерода</kwd><kwd>стерилизация надуксусной кислотой</kwd><kwd>стерилизация перекисью водорода</kwd><kwd>стерилизация</kwd><kwd>газовая стерилизация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bacillus subtilis</kwd><kwd>sterilization of thermolabile medical devices</kwd><kwd>carbon dioxide sterilization</kwd><kwd>peracetic acid sterilization</kwd><kwd>hydrogen peroxide sterilization</kwd><kwd>sterilization</kwd><kwd>gas sterilization</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено в рамках программы поддержки научных исследований ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России (НПО-0014-Н).</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>the study was carried out within the framework of the scientific research support program of the Russian University of Medicine (Ministry of Health of Russia) (NPO-0014-N).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rowan NJ, Kremer T, McDonnell G. 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