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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-364</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-364</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: ГЕНОМНЫЕ И ПОСТГЕНОМНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КАК ОСНОВА РАЗВИТИЯ ПЕРСОНАЛИЗИРОВАННОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: GENOMIC AND POST-GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES AS A BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фармакогенетические факторы, определяющие метаболизм и безопасность антиконвульсантов с ароматической структурой у жителей России</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pharmacogenetic factors determining the metabolism and safety of aromatic anticonvulsants in the residents of Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0714-9476</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спектор</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Spektor</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Спектор Екатерина Дмитриевна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina D. Spektor, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">espektor@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-6258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юдин Владимир Сергеевич, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir S. Yudin, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">VYudin@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6025-7663</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамчур</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamchur</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мамчур Александра Александровна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra A. Mamchur</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">AMamchur@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4830-8057</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Румянцева</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rumyantseva</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Румянцева Антонина Михайловна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Antonina M. Rumyantseva</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Rumyantseva@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7070-5636</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванов Михаил Вячеславович</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail V. Ivanov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">MIvanov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0358-0568</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митрофанов</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitrofanov</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Митрофанов Сергей Игоревич, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey I. Mitrofanov, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Mitrofanov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1245-7764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Снигирь</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Snigir</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Снигирь Екатерина Андреевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Snigir, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ESnigir@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7378-983X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кескинов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Keskinov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кескинов Антон Артурович, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton A. Keskinov, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Keskinov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7942-8004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юдин Сергей Михайлович, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey M. Yudin, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Yudin@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8977-4384</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каштанова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashtanova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каштанова Дарья Андреевна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria A. Kashtanova, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">DKashtanova@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Спектор Е.Д., Юдин В.С., Мамчур А.А., Румянцева А.М., Иванов М.В., Митрофанов С.И., Снигирь Е.А., Кескинов А.А., Юдин С.М., Каштанова Д.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Спектор Е.Д., Юдин В.С., Мамчур А.А., Румянцева А.М., Иванов М.В., Митрофанов С.И., Снигирь Е.А., Кескинов А.А., Юдин С.М., Каштанова Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Spektor E.D., Yudin V.S., Mamchur A.A., Rumyantseva A.M., Ivanov M.V., Mitrofanov S.I., Snigir E.A., Keskinov A.A., Yudin S.M., Kashtanova D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/364">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/364</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Применение антиконвульсантов с ароматической структурой (карбамазепин, окскарбазепин, ламотриджин, фенитоин) сопряжено с риском развития тяжелых реакций гиперчувствительности, которые отчасти зависят от генотипов HLA-B и HLA-A (для карбамазепина/окскарбазепина). Метаболизм фенитоина и фосфенитоина осуществляется с участием CYP2C9, и при генетически обусловленной замедленной трансформации препарата увеличивается вероятность развития нежелательных явлений. Учет генотипа CYP2C9 позволяет персонифицировать дозирование препарата и улучшить переносимость лечения.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценка распространенности основных фармакогенетических вариантов, ассоциированных с ответом на антиконвульсанты с ароматической структурой, с географической стратификацией и выделением популяций риска, в которых потенциально оправдана фармакогенетическая оценка при назначении препаратов данного класса.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование выполнено на образцах из выборки базы данных популяционных частот (GDB) ЦСП ФМБА России (n = 120 979, охват — 82 субъекта РФ). Проведено полногеномное секвенирование образцов ДНК с дальнейшим анализом распространенности носительства HLA-B*15:02, HLA-B*15:11, HLA-A*31:01 и различных аллельных вариантов CYP2C9 с расчетом индекса ферментной активности. Данные показатели сопоставлены в различных регионах РФ с выделением биогеографических групп риска.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Вариант HLA-B*15:02 имеет распространенность менее 1% во всех регионах РФ. В республиках Бурятия и Тыва наблюдается относительно высокая частота носительства HLA-B*15:11 (1,3%, р = 7,7×10-5, и 3,46%, р = 2,4×10-3, соответственно, при популяционной 0,11%), в Пермском крае и республиках Калмыкия, Бурятия, Тыва, Саха — HLA-A*31:01 (8,48%, р = 0,042; 8,79%, р = 0,044, 10,3%; р = 3,4×10-10; 20,44%, р = 3,4×10-10; 28,74%, p = 5,4×10-122, при популяционной 5,06%). В республиках Дагестан, Ингушетия, Кабардино-Балкария выше распространенность замедленного метаболизма фенитоина/фосфенитоина (46,4%, р = 5,6×10-36; 44,69%, р = 1,7×10-13; 43,83%, р = 1,9×10-16) за счет высокой распространенности CYP2C9*3. Республики Татарстан, Марий Эл, Чувашия также характеризуются высокой встречаемостью носителей аллелей замедленного метаболизма этих препаратов (37,06%, р = 0,028; 37,99%, р = 0,031; 41,2%, р = 5,3×10-10), но за счет наличия в генетической структуре повсеместно редкой аллели CYP2C9*29.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Полученные результаты позволяют сформулировать регион-специфичные рекомендации по персонализации лечения антиконвульсантами с ароматической структурой. Для жителей Якутии, Тывы, Бурятии, Калмыкии, Пермского края оправдано тестирование носительства HLA-A*31:01, для жителей Тывы и Бурятии — дополнительно носительства HLA-B*15:11 перед назначением карбамазепина и окскарбазепина. Генотипирование CYP2C9 перед началом терапии фенитоином особенно важно для населения республик Дагестан, Ингушетия, Кабардино-Балкария, Татарстан, Марий Эл, Чувашия, но в целом может быть рекомендовано всем жителям России ввиду высокой распространенности аллелей, ассоциированных со сниженной и отсутствующей ферментной активностью.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The use of aromatic anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, and phenytoin) is associated with the risk of severe hypersensitivity reactions, which are partly dependent on HLA-B and HLA-A genotypes (for carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine). Phenytoin and fosphenytoin are metabolized by CYP2C9; therefore, in the setting of genetically determined impaired drug tolerability, the likelihood of adverse events increases. Consideration of the CYP2C9 genotype is important for developing personalized drug dosing schemes and improving treatment outcomes.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Assessment of the prevalence of major pharmacogenetic variants associated with response to aromatic anticonvulsants, with geographic stratification and identification of at-risk populations warranting preemptive genotyping prior to treatment initiation.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was performed using samples from the Population Frequency Database (GDB) of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia (n = 120,979, covering 82 RF subjects). Whole-genome sequencing of DNA samples was conducted followed by an analysis of the carrier frequency of HLA-B*15:02, HLA-B*15:11, HLA-A*31:01, and various allelic variants of CYP2C9 with calculation of the enzyme activity score. These metrics were compared across different Russian regions, identifying high-risk biogeographic groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The HLA-B*15:02 variant showed a prevalence of less than 1% in all regions of the Russian Federation. A relatively high carrier frequency of HLA-B*15:11 was observed in the Republics of Buryatia and Tyva (1.3%, p = 7.7 × 10–5 and 3.46%, p = 2.4 × 10–3, respectively, compared to a population frequency of 0.11%). The elevated frequencies of HLA-A*31:01 were detected in Perm Krai and the Republics of Kalmykia, Buryatia, Tyva, and Sakha (Yakutia) (8.48%, p = 0.042; 8.79%, p = 0.044; 10.3%, p = 3.4 × 10–10; 20.44%, p = 3.4 × 10–10; 28.74%, p = 5.4 × 10–122, respectively, compared to a population frequency of 5.06%). The Republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, and Kabardino-Balkaria showed a higher prevalence of impaired metabolism phenotype for phenytoin/phosphenytoin (46.4%, p = 5.6 × 10–36; 44.69%, p = 1.7 × 10–13; 43.83%, p = 1.9 × 10–16), primarily due to a high frequency of the CYP2C9*3 allele. The Republics of Tatarstan, Mari El, and Chuvashia were also characterized by a high incidence of alleles associated with impaired metabolism of these drugs (37.06%, p = 0.028; 37.99%, p = 0.031; 41.2%, p = 5.3 × 10–10), attributable to the presence of the generally rare CYP2C9*29 allele in their genetic structure.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The results obtained enable the formulation of region-specific recommendations for personalizing treatment with aromatic anticonvulsants. For residents of Sakha (Yakutia), Tyva, Buryatia, Kalmykia, and Perm Krai, testing for HLA-A*31:01 carriage is justified. For residents of Tyva and Buryatia, additional testing for HLA-B*15:11 carriage is warranted prior to the prescription of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine. Before initiating phenytoin therapy, CYP2C9 genotyping is particularly important for the populations of Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Tatarstan, Mari El, and Chuvashia. However, this genotyping can be recommended for the entire population of Russia due to the high prevalence of alleles associated with reduced and absent enzyme activity.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антиконвульсанты</kwd><kwd>карбамазепин</kwd><kwd>ламотриджин</kwd><kwd>фенитоин</kwd><kwd>фармакогенетика</kwd><kwd>HLA-типирование</kwd><kwd>CYP2C9</kwd><kwd>персонализированная медицина</kwd><kwd>синдром Стивенса – Джонсона</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anticonvulsants</kwd><kwd>carbamazepine</kwd><kwd>lamotrigine</kwd><kwd>phenytoin</kwd><kwd>pharmacogenetics</kwd><kwd>HLA typing</kwd><kwd>CYP2C9</kwd><kwd>personalized medicine</kwd><kwd>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Żełabowski K, Wojtyshiak K, Ratka Z, Biedka K, Chlopas-Konowalek A. 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