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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-370</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-370</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: ГЕНОМНЫЕ И ПОСТГЕНОМНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КАК ОСНОВА РАЗВИТИЯ ПЕРСОНАЛИЗИРОВАННОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: GENOMIC AND POST-GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES AS A BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Скрытое бремя хронических неинфекционных заболеваний. Часть 1: распространенность герминальных вариантов, ассоциированных с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, среди населения Российской Федерации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hidden burden of chronic non-communicable diseases. Part 1. Prevalence of germline variants associated with cardiovascular diseases in Russian population</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-6258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юдин Владимир Сергеевич, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir S. Yudin, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">VYudin@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6025-7663</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамчур</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamchur</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мамчур Александра Александровна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra A. Mamchur</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">AMamchur@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7070-5636</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванов Михаил Вячеславович</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail V. Ivanov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Mivanov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-2560</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николаева Екатерина Андреевна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Nikolaeva</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">enikolaeva@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8977-4384</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каштанова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashtanova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каштанова Дарья Андреевна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria A. Kashtanova, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">DKashtanova@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-3280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даниэль</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Daniel</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Даниэль Вероника Вячеславовна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Veronika V. Daniel, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Vdaniel@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0358-0568</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митрофанов</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitrofanov</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Митрофанов Сергей Игоревич</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey I. Mitrofanov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Mitrofanov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7378-983X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кескинов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Keskinov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кескинов Антон Артурович, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton A. Keskinov, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Keskinov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3186-8024</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмина</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmina</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузьмина Людмила Павловна, д-р биол. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyudmila P. Kuzmina, Dr. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lpkuzmina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7942-8004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юдин Сергей Михайлович, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey M. Yudin, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда им. академика Н.Ф. Измерова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юдин В.С., Мамчур А.А., Иванов М.В., Николаева Е.А., Каштанова Д.А., Даниэль В.В., Митрофанов С.И., Кескинов А.А., Кузьмина Л.П., Юдин С.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юдин В.С., Мамчур А.А., Иванов М.В., Николаева Е.А., Каштанова Д.А., Даниэль В.В., Митрофанов С.И., Кескинов А.А., Кузьмина Л.П., Юдин С.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yudin V.S., Mamchur A.A., Ivanov M.V., Nikolaeva E.A., Kashtanova D.A., Daniel V.V., Mitrofanov S.I., Keskinov A.A., Kuzmina L.P., Yudin S.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/370">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/370</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ) — ведущая причина смертности в РФ. Существующие программы ориентированы на лечение манифестных ССЗ, в то время как оценка распространенности генетических факторов риска (кардиогерминальных вариантов) остается недостаточной.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценка распространенности патогенных и вероятно патогенных (P/LP) кардиогерминальных вариантов среди населения РФ на репрезентативной выборке.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на образцах из выборки базы данных популяционных частот (GDB) ЦСП ФМБА России, 116 794 участников из 86 регионов РФ. Проведено полногеномное секвенирование (WGS, покрытие &gt;30x) ДНК (база данных ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России). Поиск и аннотация патогенных и вероятно патогенных (P/LP) вариантов в 37 генах, ассоциированных с ССЗ, выполнены на основе ClinVar. Статистический анализ проведен с использованием Python (v3.9.12).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. P/LP-варианты в 26 генах выявлены у 0,98% (1152) участников (суммарная частота аллелей 0,49%, 424 уникальных варианта). Распространенность по группам патологий: гиперхолестеринемия — 0,1704%, структурные нарушения — 0,2218%, нарушения ритма — 0,1040%. Наиболее частый вариант — rs5742904 (ген APOB; 0,0545%). При строгом учете только вариантов с использованием уровня доказательности «проверено экспертной комиссией» (уровень А) распространенность составила 0,14%. Установлены значимые географические различия (321–6250 носителей на 100 тыс. населения), максимум — в Чеченской Республике, Республике Хакасия, Брянской области. Не обнаружено статистически значимого снижения доли носителей в возрастной группе старше 75 лет, что подтверждает низкую пенетрантность вариантов в целом. При этом внутри группы старше 75 лет среди женщин наблюдали большее число носителей, чем среди мужчин (p = 0,013), что может свидетельствовать о большем эффекте данных вариантов на мужчин-носителей.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Исследование впервые выявило значимое «скрытое бремя» P/LP кардиогерминальных вариантов (~1% носителей) в российской популяции. Существенные географические различия подчеркивают важность регионального подхода к планированию ресурсов здравоохранения. Отсутствие общего снижения носительства у пожилых в сочетании с половыми различиями в возрастной динамике для отдельных групп патологий подчеркивает роль модифицирующих факторов и различной пенетрантности. Полученные данные критичны для развития превентивной кардиогенетики и оптимизации системы профилактики ССЗ в РФ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in the Russian Federation. Existing healthcare programs are primarily focused on the treatment of manifest CVD, while the prevalence of genetic risk factors (cardio-germline variants) remains understudied.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Assessment of the prevalence of pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) cardio-germline variants in Russian population based on a representative sample.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was conducted using samples from the Genetic Database (GDB) cohort of the Centre for Strategic Planning (FMBA of Russia), comprising 116,794 participants from 86 Russian regions. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS, coverage &gt;30x) of DNA was performed (database of the Centre for Strategic Planning FMBA of Russia). The search and annotation of pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in 37 genes associated with CVD were performed based on ClinVar. Statistical analysis was conducted using Python (v3.9.12).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. P/LP variants in 26 genes were identified in 0.98% (1152) of participants (cumulative allele frequency 0.49%, 424 unique variants). The prevalence by disease groups was as follows: hypercholesterolemia — 0.1704%, structural abnormalities — 0.2218%, arrhythmias — 0.1040%. The most frequent variant was rs5742904 (APOB gene, 0.0545%). When strictly considering only variants with the “reviewed by expert panel” level of evidence (Level A), the prevalence was 0.14%. Significant geographical variations were observed (ranging 321–6250 carriers per 100,000 population), with the highest frequencies in the Chechnya, Khakassia, and Bryansk Oblast. No statistically significant decrease in the proportion of carriers was found in the age group over 75 years, confirming the generally low penetrance of these variants. However, within the group over 75 years, a higher number of carriers was observed among female compared to male subjects (p = 0.013), which may indicate a greater effect of these variants on male carriers.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The study has identified for the first time a significant “hidden burden” of P/LP cardio-germline variants (~1% carriers) in the Russian population. The substantial geographical variations underscore the importance of a regional approach to healthcare resource planning. The absence of an overall decrease in carrier frequency among the elderly, combined with sex-specific differences in age-related dynamics for certain disease groups, highlights the role of modifying factors and variable penetrance. The data obtained are critical for the development of preventive cardiogenetics and the optimization of the CVD prevention system in Russia.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронические неинфекционные заболевания</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>герминальные генетические варианты</kwd><kwd>полногеномное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>патогенный вариант</kwd><kwd>вероятно патогенный вариант</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic non-communicable diseases</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>germline genetic variants</kwd><kwd>whole-genome sequencing</kwd><kwd>pathogenic variant</kwd><kwd>likely pathogenic variant</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Landstrom AP, Chahal AA, Ackerman MJ, Cresci S, Milewicz DM, Morris AA, et al. 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