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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-377</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-377</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TOXICOLOGY &amp; CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Механизмы потенцирования тепловым стрессом летального действия фентанила на крыс</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mechanisms of heat stress potentiation of fentanyl lethality in rats</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1057-5356</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивницкий</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivnitsky</surname><given-names>Ju. Ju.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ивницкий Юрий Юрьевич, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jury Ju. Ivnitsky, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">neugierig@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0820-8471</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидова</surname><given-names>Е. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demydova</surname><given-names>E. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Демидова Екатерина Олеговна</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina O. Demydova</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bedskaya.667@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9665-9866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вакуненкова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakunenkova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вакуненкова Ольга Александровна</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Vakunenkova</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volga-2303@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9708-2596</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Золотоверхая</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zolotoverkhaja</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Золотоверхая Екатерина Андреевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Zolotoverkhaja, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.zolotoverkhaja@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-3637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головко</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovko</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Головко Александр Иванович, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandr I. Golovko, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prgolovko@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-клинический центр токсикологии им. академика С.Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Golikov Research Center of Toxicology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>297</fpage><lpage>305</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Демидова Е.О., Вакуненкова О.А., Золотоверхая Е.А., Головко А.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Демидова Е.О., Вакуненкова О.А., Золотоверхая Е.А., Головко А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivnitsky J.J., Demydova E.O., Vakunenkova O.A., Zolotoverkhaja E.A., Golovko A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/377">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/377</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Доклиническое изучение безопасности наркотических анальгетиков проводят при температуре воздуха 20–24 °С, но их применение возможно и при иной температуре. Ранее показано потенцирование тепловым стрессом летального и наркотического действия фентанила на крыс, однако механизмы этого феномена неизвестны.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Проверка гипотез о механизмах повышения токсичности фентанила для крыс в условиях теплового стресса.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на беспородных самцах крыс-альбиносов массой 191–210 г. Изучали влияние внутривенного введения фентанила в дозе 200 мкг/кг и (или) сорокаминутного пребывания при температуре воздуха 40 °С на температуру и массу тела, влагосодержание и массу головного мозга, содержание глутамина в ткани мозга, биохимические показатели крови из a. carotis communis и v. jugularis interna крыс, потребление кислорода гомогенатами их головного мозга. Статистический анализ проводили с использованием программного обеспечения OriginPro.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Введение фентанила вызывало опистотонус, кому, брадипноэ и цианоз глазного дна. Летальность за 40 мин после введения фентанила составляла 0–9% при температуре воздуха 22 °С и 68–71% при температуре воздуха 40 °С. Ректальная температура у выживших крыс по извлечении из термокамеры была повышена до 42,9 °С, относительная масса свежеизвлеченного и высушенного до постоянной массы головного мозга — на 7,4 и 7,2% соответственно, содержание глутамина в его ткани — на 46%; в плазме крови повышалась концентрация аммиака в 2,0–2,2 раза, креатинина — в 2,1–2,3 раза и лактата — в 1,5–1,6 раза. Без введения фентанила летальность крыс в термокамере отсутствовала, ректальная температура повышалась до 42,7 °С, относительная масса свежеизвлеченного головного мозга — на 6,1% и сухого — на 8,9%, содержание в нем глутамина — на 43%, уровень в плазме крови креатинина — в 2,2–2,4 раза и лактата — на 25–45%. Без теплового стресса фентанил лишь повышал в 1,6–1,8 раза концентрацию креатинина в плазме крови. Артериовенозный градиент концентрации аммиака в плазме крови у всех животных был положительным. Потребление кислорода гомогенатами головного мозга снижалось на 10% при изолированном тепловом стрессе и повышалось на 7% при тепловом стрессе на фоне введения фентанила.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Гипоксемия, лактацидемия и гипераммониемия были необходимыми условиями отягощающего влияния теплового стресса на острую интоксикацию фентанилом у крыс. Необратимое термическое повреждение биотканей, обезвоживание организма, отек, набухание, гиперемия головного мозга или накопление в нем глутамина не являлись такими условиями.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. As a rule, preclinical safety assessment of narcotic analgesic agents is conducted at ambient temperatures of 20–24 °C. However, their clinical use may occur under different thermal conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of heat stress to potentiate the lethal and narcotic effects of fentanyl in rats, yet the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Testing hypotheses on the mechanisms of fentanyl toxicity potentiation in rats under heat stress conditions.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was conducted on outbred male albino rats weighing 191–210 g. We investigated the effects of intravenous fentanyl administration at a dose of 200 μg/kg and/or a 40-min exposure to an ambient temperature of 40 °C on body temperature and mass, brain moisture content and mass, glutamine concentration in brain tissue, biochemical parameters of blood collected from the a. carotis communis and v. jugularis interna, and oxygen consumption by brain homogenates. Statistical analysis was performed using the OriginPro software.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Fentanyl administration induced opisthotonus, coma, bradypnea, and fundal cyanosis. The 40-min lethality following fentanyl injection was 0–9% at an ambient temperature of 22 °C and 68–71% at an ambient temperature of 40 °C. In surviving rats removed from the thermal chamber, rectal temperature was elevated to 42.9 °C. The relative mass of the freshly isolated brain and the brain dried to a constant weight increased by 7.4% and 7.2%, respectively. Glutamine content in brain tissue increased by 46%. Plasma concentrations of ammonia, creatinine, and lactate were elevated by 2.0–2.2, 2.1–2.3, and 1.5–1.6 times, respectively. In the absence of fentanyl administration, no lethality was observed in rats placed in the thermal chamber. Rectal temperature increased to 42.7 °C. The relative mass of the freshly isolated brain and the dried brain increased by 6.1% and 8.9%, respectively. Brain glutamine content increased by 43%. Plasma creatinine levels rose by 2.2–2.4 times, and lactate levels increased by 25–45%. In the absence of heat stress, fentanyl increased plasma creatinine concentration only by 1.6–1.8 times. The arteriovenous gradient of plasma ammonia concentration was positive in all animals. Oxygen consumption by brain homogenates decreased by 10% under isolated heat stress and increased by 7% under a combined action of heat stress and fentanyl administration.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Hypoxemia, lactic acidemia, and hyperammonemia were necessary conditions for the aggravating effect of heat stress on acute fentanyl intoxication in rats. Conversely, irreversible thermal damage to biological tissues, organism dehydration, cerebral edema, swelling, hyperemia, and glutamine accumulation in the brain were not identified as such necessary conditions.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гипераммониемия</kwd><kwd>глутамин ткани мозга</kwd><kwd>лактацидемия</kwd><kwd>летальность</kwd><kwd>острая интоксикация</kwd><kwd>температура тела</kwd><kwd>тепловой стресс</kwd><kwd>фентанил</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hyperammonemia</kwd><kwd>brain tissue glutamine</kwd><kwd>lactic acidemia</kwd><kwd>lethality</kwd><kwd>acute intoxication</kwd><kwd>body temperature</kwd><kwd>heat stress</kwd><kwd>fentanyl</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">исследование выполнено без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the study was conducted without external funding or sponsorship.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивницкий ЮЮ, Вакуненкова ОА, Головко АИ, Лапина НВ, Рейнюк ВЛ. 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