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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2713-2757</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-2765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2025-384</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-384</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РАДИОБИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RADIOBIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка частоты сверхкоротких и сверхдлинных теломер у хронически облученных женщин</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evaluation of the frequency of ultra-short and ultra-long telomeres in chronically exposed women</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2555-2616</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривощапова</surname><given-names>Я. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivoshchapova</surname><given-names>Ya. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кривощапова Яна Владимировна</p><p>Озерск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana V. Krivoshchapova</p><p>Ozersk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yana_ho@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4394-2228</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмадуллина</surname><given-names>Ю. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmadullina</surname><given-names>Yu. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ахмадуллина Юлия Рафисовна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Озерск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia R. Akhmadullina, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Ozersk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akhmadullina.yul@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Южно-Уральский федеральный научно-клинический центр медицинской биофизики<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Southern Urals Federal Research and Clinical Center for Medical Biophysics<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кривощапова Я.В., Ахмадуллина Ю.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кривощапова Я.В., Ахмадуллина Ю.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krivoshchapova Y.V., Akhmadullina Y.R.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/384">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/384</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Длина теломер рассматривается как потенциальный биомаркер индивидуальной радиочувствительности и радиорезистентности человека. Радиационное облучение может как увеличивать, так и уменьшать среднюю длину теломер в клетках, при этом показатели длин отдельных теломер варьируют в широком диапазоне. Оценка частоты сверхкоротких и сверхдлинных теломер может указывать на изменения репликативного потенциала клеток и на радиационно-индуцированные нарушения генома. Цель. Изучить относительную длину теломер методом Q-FISH у облученных лиц, а также выявить у них долю сверхкоротких и сверхдлинных теломерных участков хромосом.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено с участием 43 доноров-добровольцев (женщин) различных возрастных групп (21–28, 60–67, 71–83 года). На первом этапе в контрольной группе проведено исследование зависимости относительной длины теломер от возраста. Доноры были разделены на группы: младшая (n = 4) — не подвергавшиеся облучению женщины в возрасте 21–28 лет; средняя (n = 12) — женщины в возрасте 60–67 лет; старшая (n = 5) — женщины в возрасте 71–83 года. На II этапе у доноров (n = 5) старшей возрастной группы был определен референс средней длины теломер. На III этапе, учитывая установленные референсные значения, изучали длину теломер у облученных лиц (n = 22), в том числе в зависимости от возраста и дозы облучения красного костного мозга (ККМ). Цитогенетические препараты получали согласно протоколу, который включает культивирование клеток до стадии метафазы, гипотоническую обработку, фиксацию метафазных пластинок и получение препаратов хромосом. Флуоресцентная окраска теломер проводилась зондами (DAKO, Дания) в соответствии с протоколом производителя. В работе использовали стандартные методы описательной и сравнительной статистики.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У облученных лиц медианная длина теломер статистически значимо выше, чем в группе сравнения (10,3% против 5,8%, p = 0,0001), при этом у них снижена частота сверхкоротких теломер (1,6% против 5%) и повышена частота сверхдлинных (19,5% против 5%, p &lt; 0,0001). Исследование методом «случай — контроль» подтвердило данную закономерность для лиц со средней и высокой дозой облучения ККМ. Наблюдалось статистически значимое снижение медианной длины теломер в группе доноров с высокой дозой облучения ККМ относительно лиц со средними дозами (11,9% против 10,6%, p = 0,0001). С увеличением дозы облучения ККМ частота сверхкоротких теломер экспоненциально уменьшалась (R² = 0,23, p = 0,0036).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Отмечено снижение относительной длины теломер у необлученных лиц с увеличением возраста, в группе молодых доноров 20–28 лет медианное значение длины теломер составило 31,0%, в группе 60–67 лет — 13,0%, в группе 71–83 года — 5,8% (p = 0,0001). Референсное значение сверхкоротких теломер для возрастной группы 71–83 года составило 0–0,7%, а сверхдлинных — от 25,6% и выше. У облученных лиц медианная длина теломер статистически значимо выше, чем в группе сравнения (p = 0,0001). У облученных лиц снижена частота сверхкоротких теломер и выше частота сверхдлинных теломер относительно группы сравнения (p = 0,004). Отмечена нелинейная регрессионная зависимость частоты сверхкоротких теломер от дозы облучения ККМ: с увеличением дозы облучения частота экспоненциально уменьшается.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Telomere length is considered a potential biomarker for individual human radiosensitivity and radioresistance. Radiation exposure can both increase and decrease the average telomere length in cells, while the lengths of individual telomeres vary widely. The assessment of ultra-short and ultra-long telomere frequency may indicate alterations in the replicative potential of cells and radiation-induced genomic instability.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To investigate the relative telomere length using the Q-FISH method in exposed individuals and to identify the proportion of ultrashort and ultra-long chromosomal telomeric regions in this cohort.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study involved 43 volunteer donors (women) from different age groups (21–28; 60–67; and 71–83 years). At stage I, an investigation of the dose-dependence of relative telomere length was performed in the control group. The donors were divided into groups: younger (n = 4) — non-exposed women aged 21–28 years; middle-aged (n = 12) — women aged 60–67 years; older (n = 5) — women aged 71–83 years. At stage II, the reference for average telomere length was established using donors (n = 5) from the older age group. At stage III, considering the established reference values, telomere length was studied in exposed individuals (n = 22), including analysis based on age and bone marrow dose. Cytogenetic preparations were obtained according to a protocol that includes cell culturing to the metaphase stage, hypotonic treatment, fixation of metaphase plates, and chromosome slide preparation. Telomeres were fluorescently stained using probes (DAKO, Denmark) in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol. Standard methods of descriptive and comparative statistics were used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In exposed individuals, the median telomere length was statistically significantly higher than that in the comparison group (10.3% vs. 5.8%, p = 0.0001). Concurrently, this group exhibited a reduced frequency of ultra-short telomeres (1.6% vs. 5%) and an increased frequency of ultra-long telomeres (19.5% vs. 5%, p &lt; 0.0001). A case-control study confirmed this pattern for the individuals with medium and high bone marrow doses. A statistically significant decrease in median telomere length was observed in donors with a high bone marrow dose compared to those with medium doses (11.9% vs. 10.6%, p = 0.0001). An increase in the bone marrow dose led to an exponential decrease in the frequency of ultra-short telomeres (R² = 0.23, p = 0.0036).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. A decrease in relative telomere length was observed in non-exposed individuals with an increase in age. In the group of young donors aged 20–28 years, the median telomere length was 31.0%, comprising 13.0% and 5.8% (p = 0.0001) in the 60–67 and 71–83 age groups, respectively. The reference range for ultra-short telomeres in the 71–83 year group was 0–0.7%, being 25.6% and above for ultra-long telomeres. In exposed individuals, the median telomere length was statistically significantly higher than in the comparison group (p = 0.0001). Exposed individuals exhibited a reduced frequency of ultra-short telomeres and an increased frequency of ultra-long telomeres with respect to the comparison group (p = 0.004). A non-linear regression dependence of the frequency of ultra-short telomeres on bone marrow dose manifested in an exponential decrease in frequency with an increase in dose was noted.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>теломеры</kwd><kwd>длина теломер</kwd><kwd>короткие теломеры</kwd><kwd>длинные теломеры</kwd><kwd>женщины</kwd><kwd>хроническое радиационное воздействие</kwd><kwd>река Теча</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>telomeres</kwd><kwd>telomere length</kwd><kwd>short telomeres</kwd><kwd>long telomeres</kwd><kwd>women</kwd><kwd>chronic radiation exposure</kwd><kwd>the Techa River</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Федерального медико-биологического агентства «Отдаленные цитогенетические эффекты хронического облучения у жителей Южного Урала» (№ 388-03-2025-085, шифр: «Цитогенетические эффекты»).</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>the study was conducted within the framework of the state assignment of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency “Long-term cytogenetic effects of chronic radiation exposure in residents of the Southern Urals” (No. 388-03-2025-085, code: Cytogenetic Effects).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахмадуллина ЮР, Возилова АВ, Кривощапова ЯВ. 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