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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2026-441</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-441</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕГЕНЕРАТИВНАЯ БИОМЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REGENERATIVE BIOMEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Биоинженерный скаффолд на основе гидрогеля для регенерации мышц</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bioengineered hydrogel-based scaffold for muscle regeneration</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8923-9805</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боброва</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bobrova</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Боброва Мария Михайловна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria M. Bobrova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mbobrova@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8539-0252</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лусс</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Luss</surname><given-names>А. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лусс Анна Леонидовна, канд. хим. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Аnna L. Luss, Cand. Sci. (Chem.) </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Aluss@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5221-7613</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куликов</surname><given-names>П. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulikov</surname><given-names>P. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Куликов Павел Павлович</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel P. Kulikov </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">PKulikov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1709-9970</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадеева</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeeva</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фадеева Ирина Сергеевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Пущино</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina S. Fadeeva, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) </p><p>Pushchino</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">office@iteb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-0057</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сенотов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Senotov</surname><given-names>А. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сенотов Анатолий Сергеевич, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Пущино</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Аnatoly S. Senotov, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) </p><p>Pushchino</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">office@iteb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8498-4566</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минайчев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minaychev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минайчев Владислав Валентинович, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Пущино</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav V. Minaychev, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) </p><p>Pushchino</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">office@iteb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1405-2607</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тетерина</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Teterina</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тетерина Анастасия Юрьевна, канд. техн. наук</p><p>Пущино</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia Yu. Teterina, Cand. Sci. (Techn.) </p><p>Pushchino</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">office@iteb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6846-9994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобякова</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobyakova</surname><given-names>М. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кобякова Маргарита Игоревна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Мargarita I. Kobyakova </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">imet@imet.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7378-983X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кескинов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Keskinov</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кескинов Антон Артурович, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Аnton А. Keskinov, Cand. Sci. (Med.) </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Keskinov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт теоретической и экспериментальной биофизики Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт металлургии и материаловедения им. А.А. Байкова Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>242</fpage><lpage>249</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Боброва М.М., Лусс А.Л., Куликов П.П., Фадеева И.С., Сенотов А.С., Минайчев В.В., Тетерина А.Ю., Кобякова М.И., Кескинов А.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Боброва М.М., Лусс А.Л., Куликов П.П., Фадеева И.С., Сенотов А.С., Минайчев В.В., Тетерина А.Ю., Кобякова М.И., Кескинов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bobrova M.M., Luss А.L., Kulikov P.P., Fadeeva I.S., Senotov А.S., Minaychev V.V., Teterina A.Y., Kobyakova М.I., Keskinov А.А.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/441">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/441</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Травмы, резекции опухолей и дегенеративные заболевания могут привести к обширным дефектам скелетных мышц и, следовательно, функциональным нарушениям и тяжелой инвалидности. В последние десятилетия были разработаны различные стратегии тканевой инженерии скелетных мышц, однако по-прежнему наблюдается высокий спрос на создание новых высокоэффективных методов и материалов, способствующих функциональной регенерации, которые могли бы быть использованы при терапии мышечных дефектов в клинической практике.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Разработка медицинского изделия (биоинженерного скаффолда) на основе полимерного гидрогеля для заживления обширных дефектов скелетных мышц.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Образцы биоинженерного скаффолда получены путем криоструктурирования гидрогеля с последующей лиофилизацией. Микроструктуру и морфологию скаффолда анализировали при помощи сканирующего электронного микроскопа Tescan VEGA III. Анализ механических свойств, прочность на разрыв и относительное удлинение проводили при помощи испытательной машины Instron ElectroPuls E3000. Цитотоксичность скаффолда была изучена с помощью флуоресцентной микроскопии на культуре мышиных фибробластов Balb/3Т3 клон А31 и культуре NCTC клон 929. Статистическую значимость отличий определяли с помощью одностороннего дисперсионного анализа ANOVA с последующим множественным сравнением Холма – Сидака, критический уровень значимости α приняли равным 0,05.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Разработан модифицированный скаффолд, представляющий собой слоистую конструкцию на основе комбинации натуральных полимеров, коллагена и гиалуроната натрия с добавлением сшивающих агентов для формирования слоев с различными сроками резорбции и протеолитической деградации. Выявлено, что скаффолды обладали многослойной пористой губчатой структурой: средний слой (толщиной 1,2 ± 0,1 мм) имел крупную равномерную взаимосвязанную пористость, форма пор была близка к сферической, размер 100–150 мкм, толщина стенок полимерного каркаса менее 5 мкм. Верхний слой (толщиной 300–500 мкм) имел более плотную слоистую структуру, толщина стенок полимерного каркаса менее 2 мкм, форма пор щелевидная размером до 200 мкм в длину и 50 мкм в ширину. В сравнении с центральным слоем наблюдали значительно меньше взаимосвязанности пор, также практически отсутствовала канальная структура, а поры в основном были изолированы друг от друга стенками полимера. Прочность на разрыв составила 50 ± 0,5 кПа, относительное удлинение 26 ± 6%; стерилизация не оказывала влияния на показатели прочности и относительное удлинение. Показано отсутствие цитотоксического действия полученной конструкции: статистически значимых различий в количестве погибших клеток относительно контрольных условий на всех сроках наблюдений (24 и 96 ч) выявлено не было.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Пористая структура образцов скаффолда была получена с помощью комбинации методов послойной заливки / формования с пошаговой заморозкой и контролем структуры с последующим лиофильным высушиванием. Подобран протокол стерилизации разработанной конструкции с помощью этиленоксида, а также продемонстрировано отсутствие влияния процесса стерилизации на показатели прочности и относительное удлинение. Разрабатываемые методы создания биосовместимых конструкций на основе полимерного гидрогеля и способы их модификации позволят получать изделия с высокой степенью биосовместимости для улучшения регенерации тканей.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Injuries, tumor resections, and degenerative diseases can lead to extensive skeletal muscle defects, and consequently, to functional impairment and severe disability. Over the past few decades, various approaches to skeletal muscle tissue engineering have been developed. However, there remains a high demand for new effective methods and materials that promote functional regeneration, which could be used in the clinical treatment of muscle defects.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Development of a bioengineered polymer hydrogel-based scaffold for extensive skeletal muscle defects.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Bioengineered scaffold samples were obtained by hydrogel cryostructuring followed by lyophilization. The microstructure and morphology of the scaffold were analyzed using a Tescan VEGA III scanning electron microscope. The mechanical properties, tensile strength, and relative elongation were analyzed using an Instron ElectroPuls E3000 testing instrument. The cytotoxicity of the scaffold was studied using fluorescence microscopy on a culture of murine fibroblasts Balb/3T3 clone A31 and NCTC clone 929 culture. The statistical significance of differences was determined using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Holm–Šídák multiple comparison test, with the critical significance level α set at 0.05.</p></sec><sec><title> Results</title><p> Results. A modified scaffold was developed, representing a layered construct based on a combination of natural polymers, collagen, and sodium hyaluronate, with the addition of crosslinking agents to form layers with varying resorption rates and proteolytic degradation profiles. The scaffold samples were found to possess a multilayered porous spongy structure. The сore layer (1.2 ± 0.1 mm thick) exhibited high — uniform and interconnected — porosity with nearly spherical pores ranging from 100–150 µm in size and a polymer framework wall thickness of less than 5 µm. The outer layer (300–500 µm thick) had a denser, lamellar structure with a polymer framework wall thickness of less than 2 µm and slit-shaped pores up to 200 µm in length and 50 µm in width. Compared to the core layer, significantly lower pore interconnectivity was observed, a channel structure was virtually absent, and pores were mostly isolated from one another by polymer walls. Tensile strength was 50 ± 0.5 kPa, and relative elongation was 26 ± 6%. Sterilization had no effect on the strength and elongation parameters. The absence of a cytotoxic effect of the obtained construct was demonstrated: no statistically significant differences in the number of dead cells compared to the control were detected at any of the observation time points (24 and 96 h).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Scaffold samples with a porous structure were obtained using a combination of layer-by-layer casting/molding methods with stepwise freezing and structure control, followed by lyophilization. For the developed construct, an ethylene oxide sterilization protocol was established. The sterilization process was found to have no effect on the strength and elongation parameters. The developed methods for obtaining biocompatible constructs based on polymer hydrogels and their modification techniques will make it possible to obtain devices with a high degree of biocompatibility for enhanced tissue regeneration.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бионженерный скаффолд</kwd><kwd>коллаген</kwd><kwd>гиалуронат натрия</kwd><kwd>альбумин</kwd><kwd>гидрогель</kwd><kwd>цитотоксичность</kwd><kwd>механические свойства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bioengineered scaffold</kwd><kwd>collagen</kwd><kwd>sodium hyaluronate</kwd><kwd>albumin</kwd><kwd>hydrogel</kwd><kwd>cytotoxicity</kwd><kwd>mechanical properties</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России № 388-00083-25-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the study was carried out within the framework of the State assignment of Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency No. 388-00083-25-00 for applied scientific research.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alarcin E, Bal-Öztürk A, Avci H, Ghorbanpoor H, Dogan Guzel F, Akpek A, et al. 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