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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2026-452</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-452</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TOXICOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Потенциально летальная гипераммониемия у крыс, вызываемая фентанилом при общем перегревании</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Potentially lethal fentanyl-induced hyperammonemia in hyperthermic rats</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1057-5356</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивницкий</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivnitsky</surname><given-names>Ju. Ju.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ивницкий Юрий Юрьевич, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jury Ju. Ivnitsky, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>St. Peterburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">neugierig@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9665-9866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вакуненкова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakunenkova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вакуненкова Ольга Александровна</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Vakunenkova</p><p>St. Peterburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volga-2303@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9708-2596</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Золотоверхая</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zolotoverkhaja</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Золотоверхая Екатерина Андреевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Zolotoverkhaja, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>St. Peterburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.zolotoverkhaja@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1666-2161</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Краснова Александра Андреевна</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra A. Krasnova</p><p>St. Peterburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">apreski@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6399-4041</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдрахманова</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdrakhmanova</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абдрахманова Александра Ринатовна</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra R. Abdrakhmanova</p><p>St. Peterburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abdrahmanchik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3418-1095</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лапина Наталья Вадимовна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya V. Lapina, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>St. Peterburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lapina2005@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-клинический центр токсикологии им. академика С.Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Golikov Research Center of Toxicology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>452</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Вакуненкова О.А., Золотоверхая Е.А., Краснова А.А., Абдрахманова А.Р., Лапина Н.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивницкий Ю.Ю., Вакуненкова О.А., Золотоверхая Е.А., Краснова А.А., Абдрахманова А.Р., Лапина Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivnitsky J.J., Vakunenkova O.A., Zolotoverkhaja E.A., Krasnova A.A., Abdrakhmanova A.R., Lapina N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/452">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/452</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Избыточный рост кишечной микробиоты, острая дисфункция энтерогематического барьера и обусловленная ими эндотоксемия — неотъемлемые звенья патогенеза критических состояний организма. Ранее мы наблюдали у крыс потенцирование летального действия фентанила тепловым стрессом и возникавшую при этом гипераммониемию. Литературные данные позволяют предположить ее кишечное происхождение, но эта гипотеза не проверялась.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Выявление механизмов гипераммониемии у крыс при действии фентанила и/или теплового стресса.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на беспородных самцах крыс-альбиносов (191–210 г). Животные были разделены на группы: «22 °С» (интактные), «Фентанил + 22 °С» (после введения фентанила оставленные при комнатной температуре), «40 °С» (помещенные на 40 мин в термокамеру при температуре воздуха 40 °С) и «Фентанил + 40 °С» (помещенные на 40 мин в термокамеру после введения фентанила). В первой серии экспериментов изучали влияние фентанила (200 мкг/кг) и/или пребывания при температуре воздуха 40 °С на летальность в течение 40 мин, температуру тела, уровень аммиака, мочевины, креатинина и молочной кислоты в крови. Во второй серии экспериментов — влияние этих воздействий на трансперитонеальный массоперенос аммиака, мочевины и креатинина. В третьей серии экспериментов — влияние воздействий этих же факторов на кишечную проницаемость in vivo (по трансперитонеальному переносу введенного в желудок метиленового синего). Раствор фентанила вводили в объеме 4 мл/кг и дозе субстанции 200 мкг/кг в латеральную вену хвоста. Трансперитонеальный массоперенос азотистых метаболитов или метиленового синего рассчитывали по накоплению этих веществ в течение 40 мин в 0,9% растворе хлорида натрия, введенном внутрибрюшинно в объеме 30 мл/кг. Статистический анализ проведен с использованием программного обеспечения OriginPro.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Изолированные перегревание или действие фентанила были нелетальными, а при их комбинации летальность составляла 44, 33 и 36% в 1, 2 и 3 сериях экспериментов соответственно. Ректальная температура повышалась с 37,2 до 42,2 °С при изолированном и до 43,6 °С — при комбинированном воздействии теплового агента, а при изолированном воздействии фентанила снижалась до 32,8 °С. Масса тела животных снижалась в термокамере на 4,4% без фентанила и на 2,6% — на фоне его введения. Комбинированное перегревание повышало содержание аммиака в крови с 132 ± 16 до 294 ± 24 мкМ. Содержание мочевины в крови при воздействии фентанила, перегревании или их комбинации было повышено с 3,4 ± 0,3 до 5,5 ± 0,7, 7,1 ± 0,4 и 6,8 ± 0,3 мМ соответственно, креатинина — с 38,8 ± 4,7 до 60,4 ± 3,9 мМ при изолированном и 62,9 ± 3,5 мкМ — при комбинированном перегревании. Комбинированное перегревание увеличивало трансперитонеальный массоперенос аммиака с 78 ± 6 до 168 ± 22 нмоль/(кг×мин) и представленного в хромоформе метиленового синего — с 83,6 ± 26,2 до 167,3 ± 29,2 пмоль/(кг×мин). Изолированное или комбинированное перегревание вызывало лактацидемию.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Перегревание на фоне действия фентанила вызывало у крыс азотемию, лактацидемию, сверхаддитивно увеличивало летальность, температуру тела, содержание аммиака в крови и его трансперитонеальный массоперенос из кишечника. Основным механизмом потенциально летальной гипераммониемии было повышение интенсивности кишечного аммониогенеза фентанилом и кишечной проницаемости тепловым стрессом.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Excessive growth of intestinal microbiota, acute dysfunction of the gut-blood barrier, and the subsequent endotoxemia are integral to the pathogenesis of critical illness. Heat stress was previously shown to potentiate the lethal effect of fentanyl in rats, accompanied by hyperammonemia. While literature suggests its intestinal origin, this hypothesis remains to be tested.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To identify the mechanisms of hyperammonemia induced by fentanyl and/or heat stress in rats.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was conducted on outbred male albino rats (191–210 g). The animals were divided into the following groups: 22 °C (intact), Fentanyl + 22 °C (kept at room temperature after fentanyl administration), 40 °C (exposure to 40 °C in a thermal chamber for 40 min), and Fentanyl + 40 °C (exposure to 40 °C for 40 min following fentanyl administration). The first series of experiments evaluated the effects of fentanyl (200 μg/kg) and/or heat stress (40 °C) on 40-minute mortality, body temperature, and blood levels of ammonia, urea, creatinine, and lactate. The second series investigated the impact of these factors on the transperitoneal mass transfer of ammonia, urea, and creatinine. In the third series, the effects of the same factors on intestinal permeability were evaluated in vivo (based on transperitoneal transfer of intragastrically administered methylene blue). Fentanyl was injected at a dose of 200 μg/kg (4 mL/kg) into the lateral tail vein. Transperitoneal mass transfer of nitrogenous metabolites or methylene blue (MB) was calculated based on their accumulation over 40 min in 0.9% sodium chloride solution (30 mL/kg) administered intraperitoneally. Statistical analysis was performed using OriginPro software.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Heat exposure or fentanyl administration alone was non-lethal, while their combination resulted in mortality rates of 44%, 33%, and 36% in the first, second, and third series of experiments, respectively. In response to heat stress, rectal temperature increased from 37.2 °C to 42.2 °C, reaching 43.6 °C under heat stress combined with fentanyl administration. Conversely, fentanyl alone caused a decrease to 32.8 °C. Animal body weight decreased by 4.4% in the 40 °C group and by 2.6% in the Fentanyl + 40 °C group. The combined effect of heat and fentanyl elevated blood ammonia levels from 132 ± 16 μM to 294 ± 24 μM. Blood urea levels under the influence of fentanyl, hyperthermia, or their combination increased from 3.4 ± 0.3 mM to 5.5 ± 0.7 mM, 7.1 ± 0.4 mM, and 6.8 ± 0.3 mM, respectively; creatinine levels increased from 38.8 ± 4.7 μM to 60.4 ± 3.9 μM under isolated hyperthermia and to 62.9 ± 3.5 μM under combined hyperthermia, respectively. Creatinine levels rose from 38.8 ± 4.7 μM to 60.4 ± 3.9 μM under heat stress alone and to 62.9 ± 3.5 μM under heat stress combined with fentanyl administration. The combined effect of heat and fentanyl increased the transperitoneal mass transfer of ammonia from 78 ± 6 to 168 ± 22 nmol/(kg × min) and that of MB from 83.6 ± 26.2 to 167.3 ± 29.2 pmol/(kg × min). Both heat exposure alone and when combined with fentanyl administration resulted in lactacidemia.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Fentanyl administration followed by heat exposure induced azotemia and lactic acidosis in rats. This combination also caused a synergistic increase in mortality, body temperature, blood ammonia levels, and transperitoneal ammonia transport from the intestine. The primary mechanisms underlying this potentially lethal hyperammonemia include fentanyl-induced enhancement of intestinal ammoniogenesis and heat stress-mediated increase in intestinal permeability.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аммониогенез</kwd><kwd>гипераммониемия</kwd><kwd>гиперпирексия</kwd><kwd>кишечная проницаемость</kwd><kwd>лактацидемия</kwd><kwd>метиленовый синий</kwd><kwd>температура тела</kwd><kwd>тепловой стресс</kwd><kwd>трансперитонеальный массоперенос</kwd><kwd>фентанил</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ammoniogenesis</kwd><kwd>hyperammonemia</kwd><kwd>hyperpyrexia</kwd><kwd>intestinal permeability</kwd><kwd>lactacidemia</kwd><kwd>methylene blue</kwd><kwd>body temperature</kwd><kwd>heat stress</kwd><kwd>transperitoneal mass transfer</kwd><kwd>fentanyl</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">исследование выполнено в рамках инициативной НИР ФГБУ «НКЦТ им. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России» «Определение эффективных доз фармацевтических субстанций перспективных медикаментозных средств при назальном введении» (шифр: «Термидор»).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the study was carried out within an independent research project of the Golikov Research Center of Toxicology, “Determination of effective doses of pharmaceutical substances for promising intranasal medicinal agents” (code: Thermidor).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивницкий ЮЮ, Рейнюк ВЛ, Шефер ТВ, Вакуненкова ОА. Острый кишечный эндотоксикоз в медицине экстремальных ситуаций. Кремлевская медицина. Клинический вестник. 2024;1:81–6. https://doi.org/10.48612/cgma/1e9k-uttr-7h6a</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivnitsky JuJu, Rejniuk VL, Schäfer ТV, Vakunenkova ОА. 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