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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2026-467</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-467</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ СПОРТИВНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: APPLIED ASPECTS OF SPORTS MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние физических нагрузок на эпигенетические модификации генома: значение для спортивной медицины (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Influence of physical exercise on epigenetic modifications of the genome: significance for sports medicine (a review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-6194</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кадыкова</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kadykova</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кадыкова Анастасия Игоревна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia I. Kadykova</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">KadykovaAI@sportfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9927-5608</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копылов</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kopylov</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Копылов Евгений Дмитриевич</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy D. Kopylov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evgenijkopylov19540@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-5676</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладышев</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladyshev</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гладышев Никита Сергеевич</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita S. Gladyshev</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">GladyshevNS@sportfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8389-3841</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деев</surname><given-names>Р. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Деев Роман Вадимович, канд. мед. наук, доцент</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman V. Deev, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">DeevRV@sportfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-9761</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жолинский</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zholinsky</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жолинский Андрей Владимирович, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Zholinsky, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ZholinskiiAV@sportfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный центр спортивной медицины Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Center for Sports Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>335</fpage><lpage>345</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кадыкова А.И., Копылов Е.Д., Гладышев Н.С., Деев Р.В., Жолинский А.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кадыкова А.И., Копылов Е.Д., Гладышев Н.С., Деев Р.В., Жолинский А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kadykova A.I., Kopylov E.D., Gladyshev N.S., Deev R.V., Zholinsky A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/467">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/467</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Физическая нагрузка является одним из наиболее мощных средовых факторов, модулирующих эпигенетические модификации генома. Регуляция активности генов посредством химической модификации ДНК, изменения гистонов и некодирующих РНК выступает связующим звеном между тренировками и формирующимся фенотипом спортсмена. Данные литературы остаются разрозненными и нередко противоречивыми, что обусловлено методологическими сложностями, гетерогенностью исследуемых групп и отсутствием стандартизации протоколов.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Систематизация и обобщение современных данных о влиянии физических нагрузок на эпигенетические модификации генома, анализ их вклада в процессы адаптации, восстановления и формирования риска патологических состояний у спортсменов, а также оценка перспектив применения эпигенетических маркеров в спортивной медицине.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Физические упражнения индуцируют специфические изменения в трех основных звеньях эпигенома. Острые и хронические нагрузки вызывают гипометилирование промоторов генов энергетического обмена (PPARGC1A, PDK4, PPARD), что сопровождается усилением экспрессии и митохондриальным биогенезом. Модификации гистонов (ацетилирование, фосфорилирование H3.3-Ser-31, лактилирование) изменяют плотность упаковки хроматина. Спектр микроРНК зависит от типа и продолжительности тренировок, однако информация по отдельным микроРНК (в том числе miR-1) остается противоречивой, что в значительной степени определяется различиями в методологии (тренированность участников, временные точки, способ нормализации, пол). Сигнальные каскады (AMPK, MAPK, IGF-1/Akt, NF-κB, NFE2L2) интегрируют энергетические сигналы и эпигенетический ответ. Эпигенетический ответ тканеспецифичен и модулируется полом, возрастом и этнической принадлежностью. Отдельными перспективными направлениями являются анализ экзеркинов, в том числе микроРНК внеклеточных везикул (EVs), и нутриэпигенетика.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Физические нагрузки закономерно вызывают характерные эпигенетические модификации, которые участвуют в адаптации, и могут рассматриваться как потенциальные биомаркеры функционального состояния спортсмена. Перспективные направления применения в спортивной медицине включают мониторинг восстановления через эпигенетические часы, прогноз травматизма и перетренированности, персонализацию тренировок и расширение «Athlete Biological Passport» (биологического «паспорта» спортсмена) за счет эпигенетических маркеров. Внедрение результатов в клиническую практику требует преодоления методологических ограничений и дальнейших проспективных исследований.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Physical exercise is one of the most powerful environmental factors modulating epigenetic modifications of the genome. The regulation of gene activity via the chemical modification of DNA, histone alterations, and non-coding RNAs serves as a link between training and the developing athletic phenotype. However, published data remain fragmented and often contradictory due to methodological challenges, heterogeneous cohorts, and a lack of protocol standardization.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Systematization and synthesis of current data on the influence of physical exercise on epigenetic modifications of the genome, analysis of their contribution to the processes of adaptation, recovery, and formation of the risk of pathological conditions in athletes, as well as assessment of the prospects for the use of epigenetic markers in sports medicine.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. Physical exercise induces specific changes in the three main components of the epigenome. Acute and chronic loads cause hypomethylation of the promoters of energy metabolism genes (PPARGC1A, PDK4, PPARD), which is accompanied by increased expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. Histone modifications (acetylation, phosphorylation of H3.3-Ser-31, lactylation) alter chromatin packing density. The spectrum of microRNAs depends on the type and duration of training; however, information on individual microRNAs (including miR-1) remains contradictory, largely due to differences in methodology (participant training status, time points, normalization method, sex). Signaling cascades (AMPK, MAPK, IGF-1/Akt, NF-κB, NFE2L2) integrate energetic signals and the epigenetic response. The epigenetic response is tissue-specific and is modulated by sex, age, and ethnicity. Promising directions include the analysis of exerkines, including microRNAs from extracellular vesicles, and nutricepigenetics.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Physical exercise consistently induces characteristic epigenetic modifications that participate in adaptation and can be considered as potential biomarkers of an athlete’s functional state. Promising areas of application in sports medicine include monitoring recovery through epigenetic clocks, predicting injury and overtraining, personalizing training, and extending the Athlete Biological Passport with epigenetic markers. Implementation of the results into clinical practice requires overcoming methodological limitations and further prospective research.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>физическая нагрузка</kwd><kwd>эпигенетика</kwd><kwd>метилирование ДНК</kwd><kwd>модификации гистонов</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>экзеркины</kwd><kwd>спортивная медицина</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>physical exercise</kwd><kwd>epigenetics</kwd><kwd>DNA methylation</kwd><kwd>histone modifications</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd><kwd>exerkines</kwd><kwd>sports medicine</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Научное исследование проведено на основании государственного контракта № 107.003.25.14 от 20.06.2025 «Исследование молекулярно-генетических предикторов длительной спортивной карьеры и эпигенетических модификаций генома спортсменов сборных команд Российской Федерации» (шифр «Карьера-25-27»).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was carried out under State Contract No. 107.003.25.14 (20.06.2025) titled “Investigation of Molecular-Genetic Predictors for a Long-Term Sports Career and Epigenetic Genome Modifications in Russian National Team Athletes” (Project Code: “Career-25-27”).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Widmann M, Nieß AM, Munz B. 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