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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2026-478</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-478</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РАДИОБИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RADIOBIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Выбор оптимальных материалов для ЭПР‑дозиметрии при аварийном облучении</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Selection of optimal materials for EPR dosimetry in case of emergency radiation exposure</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6757-5587</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванов Денис Владимирович, канд. физ.-мат. наук</p><p>Озерск; Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis V. Ivanov</p><p>Ozersk; Yekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">deniv@imp.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-0512</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аладова</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aladova</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аладова Елена Евгеньевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Озерск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena E. Aladova</p><p>Ozersk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aladova@subi.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2004-1988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байтимиров</surname><given-names>Д. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baytimirov</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Байтимиров Дамир Рафисович, канд. физ.-мат. наук</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Damir R. Baytimirov</p><p>Yekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d.r.bajtimirov@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9830-4309</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конев</surname><given-names>С. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konev</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Конев Сергей Федорович, канд. физ.-мат. наук</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey F. Konev</p><p>Yekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ksf50@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южно-Уральский федеральный научно-клинический центр медицинской биофизики Федерального медико-биологического агентства; Институт физики металлов им. М.Н. Михеева Уральского отделения РАН; Уральский федеральный университет им. первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Urals Federal Research and Clinical Center for Medical Biophysics; M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Ural Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южно-Уральский федеральный научно-клинический центр медицинской биофизики Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Urals Federal Research and Clinical Center for Medical Biophysics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский федеральный университет им. первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>478</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Иванов Д.В., Аладова Е.Е., Байтимиров Д.Р., Конев С.Ф., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванов Д.В., Аладова Е.Е., Байтимиров Д.Р., Конев С.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanov D.V., Aladova E.E., Baytimirov D.R., Konev S.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/478">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/478</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Метод электронного парамагнитного резонанса (ЭПР), основанный на определении концентрации свободных радикалов, образующихся в окружающих человека предметах под действием ионизирующего излучения, позволяет получить достоверные оценки поглощенных доз у пострадавших в результате неконтролируемого облучения. Однако к материалам, используемым в качестве объектов для ЭПР-дозиметрии, предъявляются достаточно серьезные требования, такие как доступность, предел детектирования, стабильность ЭПР-сигнала во времени, достаточная радиационная чувствительность и т. д. Поэтому, несмотря на то что под действием ионизирующего излучения свободные радикалы образуются практически во всех материалах, далеко не каждый из них может использоваться для получения информации о поглощенных дозах излучения.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Выбор оптимальных объектов для оценки поглощенных доз ионизирующего излучения пострадавших в случаях аварийного облучения методом ЭПР.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для регистрации ЭПР-спектров применялся стандартный спектрометр X-диапазона Bruker Elexsys E580 с цилиндрическим резонатором SuperHighQ. Для облучения образцов использовался линейный ускоритель электронов модели УЭЛР-10-10С2. В исследованиях рассматривались образцы биологических материалов (волос, ногтей), а также сопутствующие человеку в быту материалы, такие как пластик, хлопчатобумажные ткани, ткани защитных медицинских масок и стекла смартфонов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Результаты показали, что каждый из исследованных объектов имеет свои преимущества и недостатки для ЭПР-дозиметрии. Радиационная чувствительность образцов волос обратно пропорциональна содержанию в них меланина: чем выше концентрация пигмента (и соответственно темнее волос), тем ниже чувствительность к радиации и тем выше фоновый сигнал меланина. Для учета собственного сигнала меланина целесообразно провести дополнительное измерение — зафиксировать цвет волоса посредством фотографии под микроскопом. Альтернативой могут стать образцы ногтей, которые, как и волосы, являются кератиновыми образованиями, но лишены меланина. Недостатком биологических объектов, таких как волосы и ногти, является высокое значение нижнего предела детектирования — более 10 Гр. Высокую радиационную чувствительность показали образцы неокрашенных хлопчатобумажных тканей (нижний предел детектирования — 1 Гр), материал защитных масок имел чувствительность к облучению в несколько раз выше. Стабильные ЭПР-сигналы получены при облучении прозрачных пластиковых пуговиц. Самым чувствительным к облучению оказался материал стекол смартфонов, предел детектирования по которым не превышал 0,5 Гр, однако разброс чувствительности таких стекол оказался значительным даже при исследовании смартфонов одной модели. Вариабельность радиационной чувствительности исследованных материалов составляла 20–50%.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. При выборе объектов для оценки поглощенной дозы методом ЭПР предпочтительными являются следующие материалы — свидетели радиологических событий: стекла экранов смартфонов, неокрашенные хлопчатобумажные ткани одежды, материалы защитных масок, прозрачный пластик. При использовании волос в качестве биологического дозиметра процедура измерения характеризуется повышенной трудоемкостью, а результаты могут содержать систематическое завышение оцениваемых доз, особенно в случае волос темного цвета. Образцы ногтей, в свою очередь, демонстрируют низкую стабильность радиационно-индуцированного сигнала, который трудно отличить от фоновых сигналов нерадиационной природы. Разброс чувствительности образцов исследованных материалов указывает на необходимость индивидуальной калибровки с применением дополнительного облучения.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method, based on determining the concentration of free radicals generated in materials surrounding a person under the influence of ionizing radiation, allows for reliable estimates of absorbed doses in individuals exposed to uncontrolled irradiation. However, materials intended for use as objects in EPR dosimetry must meet fairly stringent requirements, including availability, detection limit, temporal stability of the EPR signal, and sufficient radiation sensitivity. Therefore, although ionizing radiation induces free radical formation in virtually all materials, not all of them can be used to obtain information about absorbed radiation doses.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Selection of optimal materials for assessing absorbed doses of ionizing radiation in victims of accidental exposures using the EPR method.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A standard Bruker Elexsys E580 X-band spectrometer with a SuperHighQ cylindrical resonator was used to record EPR spectra. A UELR-10-10S2 linear electron accelerator was used for sample irradiation. The study examined samples of biological materials (hair, fingernails), as well as materials commonly associated with humans in everyday life, such as plastic, cotton fabrics, fabric from disposable medical masks, and smartphone glass.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The results showed that each of the studied materials has its own advantages and disadvantages for EPR dosimetry. The radiation sensitivity of hair samples was inversely proportional to their melanin content: the higher the pigment concentration (and, consequently, the darker the hair), the lower the radiation sensitivity and the higher the background melanin signal. To account for the intrinsic melanin signal, an additional measurement is recommended — recording the hair color via a photograph taken under a microscope. Fingernail samples, which, like hair, are keratinous formations but lack melanin, represent an alternative. A drawback of biological materials such as hair and fingernails is their relatively low sensitivity, with a lower limit of detection (LOD) exceeding 10 Gy. High radiation sensitivity was demonstrated by uncolored cotton fabric samples (LOD = 1 Gy). The material of protective masks exhibited several times higher radiation sensitivity. Stable EPR signals were obtained from transparent plastic buttons. Smartphone glass proved to be the most radiation-sensitive material, with a LOD not exceeding 0.5 Gy; however, the variation in sensitivity among such glasses was significant, even among smartphones of the same model. The variability in radiation sensitivity of the investigated samples ranged 20–50%.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. When selecting materials for estimating absorbed doses using the EPR method, the following witness materials for radiological events are preferred: smartphone screen glass, uncolored cotton clothing fabrics, materials from protective masks, and transparent plastic. When using hair as a biological dosimeter, the measurement procedure is characterized by increased complexity, and the results may contain a systematic overestimation of the estimated doses, particularly in the case of dark-colored hair. Fingernail samples, in turn, exhibit poor stability of the radiation-induced signal, which is difficult to distinguish from background signals of non-radiation origin. The variability in the sensitivity of the studied sample materials indicates the need for individual calibration using additional irradiation.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электронный парамагнитный резонанс</kwd><kwd>ретроспективная дозиметрия</kwd><kwd>радиационная чувствительность</kwd><kwd>радиационно-индуцированный сигнал</kwd><kwd>аварийное облучение</kwd><kwd>поглощенная доза</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electron paramagnetic resonance</kwd><kwd>retrospective dosimetry</kwd><kwd>radiation sensitivity</kwd><kwd>radiation-induced signal</kwd><kwd>accidental exposure</kwd><kwd>absorbed dose</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ (тема № FEUZ-2023-0013) и государственного задания «Спин» Г.р. № 122021000036-3, а также в рамках реализации государственного контракта № 11.310.22.2, финансируемого ФМБА России по ФЦП «Обеспечение ядерной и радиационной безопасности на 2016–2020 гг. и на период до 2030 г.».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">this work was carried out with support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the RF (project No. FEUZ-2023-0013), the state assignment “Spin” (reg. No. 122021000036-3), and the state contract No. 11.310.22.2 under the FMBA’s Federal Target Program on Nuclear and Radiation Safety (2016–2020, extended to 2030).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов ДВ, Байтимиров ДР, Конев СФ, Аладова ЕЕ, Василенко ЕК. Использование различных материалов для ЭПР-дозиметрии в случаях аварийного облучения. Вопросы радиационной безопасности. 2018;91(3):75–81. EDN: YCKITZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov DV, Baytimirov DR, Konev SF, Aladova EE, Vasilenko EK. Possibility of various materials to be used for EPR dosimetry in cases of emergency radiation exposure. Radiation Safety Problems. 2018;91(3):75–81 (In Russ.). EDN: YCKITZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fattibene P, Callens F. 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