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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2026-495</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-495</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕГЕНЕРАТИВНАЯ БИОМЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REGENERATIVE BIOMEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Скрининг in vitro биосовместимости модифицированного полиэфирэфиркетона как материала для имплантатов: цитотоксичность и клеточная адгезия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>In vitro screening of biocompatibility of modified polyetheretherketone as an implant material: Cytotoxicity and cell adhesion</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6227-7756</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хаширов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khashirov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хаширов Азамат Аскерович, канд. тех. наук</p><p>Нальчик</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Azamat A. Khashirov, Cand. Sci. (Tech.)</p><p>Nalchik</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khashaz@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7643-9242</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курданова</surname><given-names>Ж. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurdanova</surname><given-names>Zh. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Курданова Жанна Иналовна, канд. хим. наук</p><p>Нальчик</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhanna I. Kurdanova, Cand. Sci. (Chem.)</p><p>Nalchik</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kurdanova09@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0815-6638</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жанситов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhansitov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жанситов Азамат Асланович, канд. хим. наук</p><p>Нальчик</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Azamat A. Zhansitov, Cand. Sci. (Chem.)</p><p>Nalchik</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">azamat-z@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-1252</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хаширова</surname><given-names>С. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khashirova</surname><given-names>S. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хаширова Светлана Юрьевна, д-р хим. наук, член-корр. РАН</p><p>Нальчик</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana Yu. Khashirova, Dr. Sci. (Chem.), Corr. Memb. of the RAS</p><p>Nalchik</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sveta_daova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1482-4281</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алейник</surname><given-names>Д. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleinik</surname><given-names>D. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алейник Диана Яковлевна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Diana Ya. Aleinik, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">daleynik@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3807-1412</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левичева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Levicheva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Левичева Екатерина Андреевна</p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Levicheva</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kate.lekat@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2781-6419</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубцова</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubtsova</surname><given-names>Yu. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рубцова Юлия Павловна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia P. Rubtsova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rubincherry@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8815-9651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорихина</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorikhina</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Егорихина Марфа Николаевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marfa N. Egorikhina, Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egorihina.marfa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кабардино-Балкарский государственный университет им. Х.М. Бербекова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kabardino-Balkarian State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Privolzhsky Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>495</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хаширов А.А., Курданова Ж.И., Жанситов А.А., Хаширова С.Ю., Алейник Д.Я., Левичева Е.А., Рубцова Ю.П., Егорихина М.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хаширов А.А., Курданова Ж.И., Жанситов А.А., Хаширова С.Ю., Алейник Д.Я., Левичева Е.А., Рубцова Ю.П., Егорихина М.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khashirov A.A., Kurdanova Z.I., Zhansitov A.A., Khashirova S.Y., Aleinik D.Y., Levicheva E.A., Rubtsova Y.P., Egorikhina M.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/495">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/495</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В современной медицинской практике костные имплантаты востребованы в качестве эффективного решения для восстановления костной ткани, в том числе для реабилитации пациентов с ранениями, полученными в боевых условиях. Одним из перспективных полимерных материалов для производства хирургических имплантатов считается полиэфирэфиркетон (ПЭЭК) благодаря ряду свойств, сближающих его с костной тканью. Однако применение в имплантологии немодифицированного ПЭЭК из-за его биологической инертности и низкой остеоинтеграции ограниченно. Повысить биологическую активность, остеокондуктивность и антибактериальные свойства может модификация материала, в том числе путем структурных изменений поверхности.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценка цитотоксичности и адгезионных свойств поверхности полиэфирэфиркетона, модифицированного различными способами.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Синтез порошка ПЭЭК осуществляли методом поликонденсации в условиях нуклеофильного замещения взаимодействием гидрохинона с 4,4’-дифторбензофеноном; для дальнейшего исследования образцы формировали путем фрезерования в форме дисков. ПЭЭК модифицировали одним из трех методов: сульфонированием концентрированной серной кислотой, обработкой раствором «Пиранья» с последующей функционализацией глицином, высокотемпературным сплавлением с NaCl с последующим выщелачиванием. Изучение структуры полученных материалов выполняли с применением ИК-спектрометрии и сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Оценку цитотоксичности проводили с помощью МТТ-теста. Адгезивные свойства ПЭЭК-материалов оценивали путем культивирования на их поверхности дермальных фибробластов человека с последующей флуоресцентной визуализацией флуорохромами Calcein AM и Hoechst 33342. Анализ адгезии и морфологии прикрепившихся клеток производили с помощью инвертированного микроскопа Leica DMI 3000 B.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Показано, что ПЭЭК, полученный методом поликонденсации взаимодействием гидрохинона и 4,4’-дифторбензофенона, не проявляет цитотоксического действия в отношении поверхностно-зависимых клеток. Под действием 1-суточного экстракта ПЭЭК и его разведений относительная жизнеспособность клеток варьировала от 96 до 126%, под действием 7-суточного — от 132 до 141% (против контроля 100%); показана стимуляция экстрактом ПЭЭК пролиферативной активности клеток. Обнаружено, что модификация образцов не ведет к повышению адгезии клеток. Пористый образец ПЭЭК, полученный методом прессования с NaCl с последующим его выщелачиванием, характеризуется неравномерной адгезией с нарушением жизнеспособности большей части клеток на поверхности образцов. Обработка ПЭЭК глицином приводит к снижению адгезии, нарушению жизнеспособности и изменению морфологических характеристик большой доли клеток, находящихся на поверхности образцов. На поверхности сульфонированного ПЭЭК клетки сохраняли жизнеспособность, однако морфология прикрепившихся клеток существенно отличалась от типичной: вместо субконфлюэнтного монослоя, сформированного клетками распластанной формы, характерного для успешной адгезии, были обнаружены клеточные конгломераты разного размера, неравномерно распределенные по поверхности и сформированные округлыми, реже веретеновидными клетками.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. При модификации ПЭЭК сульфонированием концентрированной H2SO4, обработкой глицином, высокотемпературным сплавлением с NaCl улучшение биосовместимости материала не отмечено; напротив, наблюдались нарушения жизнеспособности и морфологии поверхностно-зависимых клеток, адгезированных на поверхности модифицированного ПЭЭК. Полученные результаты подчеркивают необходимость дальнейшего поиска способов модификации ПЭЭК, что позволит преодолеть ограничения материала и расширить области его применения для решения актуальных междисциплинарных биомедицинских задач.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. In modern medical practice, bone implants are in demand as an effective solution for restoring bone tissue, including for the rehabilitation of patients with wounds sustained in combat. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is considered a promising polymer material for surgical implant production due to a number of properties that closely mimic bone tissue. However, the use of unmodified PEEK in implantology is limited by its biological inertness and poor osseointegration. Modification of this material, including through structural changes to the surface, can increase its biological activity, osteoconductivity, and antibacterial properties.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To evaluate the cytotoxicity and surface adhesion properties of PEEK modified via various methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. PEEK powder was synthesized via polycondensation under nucleophilic substitution conditions by reacting hydroquinone with 4,4’-difluorobenzophenone; for further studies, disk-shaped specimens were fabricated via milling. PEEK surface was modified using one of three methods: sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid, treatment with piranha solution followed by functionalization with glycine, or high-temperature fusion with NaCl followed by leaching. The structure of the obtained materials was studied using IR spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT test. The adhesive properties of PEEK materials were evaluated by culturing human dermal fibroblasts on their surface, followed by fluorescence visualization using Calcein AM and Hoechst 33342 fluorochromes. Analysis of adhesion and morphology of attached cells was performed using an inverted Leica DMI 3000 B microscope.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It was shown that PEEK obtained via polycondensation of hydroquinone and 4,4’-difluorobenzophenone does not exhibit a cytotoxic effect on anchorage-dependent cells. Under the influence of the 1-day extract of PEEK and its dilutions, relative cell viability ranged from 96 to 126%, while for the 7-day extract, it varied from 132 to 141% (vs. 100% for the control); stimulation of proliferative activity of cells by PEEK extract was demonstrated. It was found that modification of the specimens does not lead to increased cell adhesion. The porous PEEK specimen obtained by pressing with NaCl followed by its leaching was characterized by uneven adhesion and impaired viability of most cells on the specimen surface. Treatment of PEEK with glycine led to decreased adhesion, impaired viability, and altered morphological characteristics of a large proportion of cells on the specimen surface. On the surface of sulfonated PEEK, the cells remained viable; however, the morphology of the attached cells differed significantly from the typical pattern. Specifically, instead of a subconfluent monolayer of flattened cells characteristic of successful adhesion, cell conglomerates of various sizes, formed by rounded and, less frequently, spindle-shaped cells, were unevenly distributed across the surface.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. When modifying PEEK via sulfonation with concentrated H2SO4, treatment with glycine, or high-temperature fusion with NaCl, no improvement in the biocompatibility of the material was detected; on the contrary, impairments in the viability and morphology of anchorage-dependent cells adhered to the surface of the modified PEEK were observed. These findings highlight the need to continue searching for PEEK modification methods to overcome the limitations of the material and expand its areas of application in solving urgent interdisciplinary biomedical problems.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>имплантационные материалы</kwd><kwd>полиэфирэфиркетон</kwd><kwd>ПЭЭК</kwd><kwd>модификация поверхности</kwd><kwd>сульфонирование</kwd><kwd>раствор «Пиранья»</kwd><kwd>глицин</kwd><kwd>пористый ПЭЭК</kwd><kwd>цитотоксичность</kwd><kwd>МТТ-тест</kwd><kwd>клеточная адгезия</kwd><kwd>ИК-спектроскопия</kwd><kwd>сканирующая&#13;
электронная микроскопия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>implant materials</kwd><kwd>polyetheretherketone</kwd><kwd>PEEK</kwd><kwd>surface modification</kwd><kwd>sulfonation</kwd><kwd>piranha solution</kwd><kwd>glycine</kwd><kwd>porous PEEK</kwd><kwd>cytotoxicity</kwd><kwd>MTT assay</kwd><kwd>cell adhesion</kwd><kwd>IR spectroscopy</kwd><kwd>scanning electron microscopy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ, мнемокод FZZR-2026-0009.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of a state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, mnemonic code FZZR-2026-0009.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казумова АБ, Васильев АВ, Кузнецова ВС, Миронов АВ, Кулаков АА, Лосев ФФ. 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