mesЭкстремальная биомедицинаExtreme Medicine3033-89643033-8972Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency10.47183/mes.2026-501mes-501Research ArticleРАДИОБИОЛОГИЯRADIOBIOLOGYОценка влияния импульсного магнитного поля с частотой 28 кГц на когнитивные функции у мышей в возрасте 1,5 годаEffects of a 28 kHz pulsed magnetic field on cognitive function in 18-month-old micehttps://orcid.org/0009-0006-3732-1985ПряхинЕ. Е.PriakhinE. E.

Пряхин Евгений Евгеньевич

Озерск

Ozersk

zpryakhin2@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0769-8267ШапошниковаИ. А.ShaposhnikovaI. A.

Шапошникова Ирина Александровна, канд. биол. наук

Озерск

Ozersk

shaposhnikova@lenta.ruЮжно-Уральский федеральный научно-клинический центр медицинской биофизики Федерального медико-биологического агентстваРоссияSouthern Urals Federal Research and Clinical Center for Medical BiophysicsRussian Federation20262108202600Online First501Copyright © Пряхин Е.Е., Шапошникова И.А., 20262026Пряхин Е.Е., Шапошникова И.А.Priakhin E.E., Shaposhnikova I.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/501Введение

Введение. Влияние электромагнитных полей промежуточной частоты (300 Гц — 10 МГц), источниками которых являются бытовые устройства и промышленные установки, на когнитивные функции изучено недостаточно. Существующие данные носят противоречивый характер и получены преимущественно в экспериментах на молодых животных. В условиях быстрого глобального старения населения особую актуальность представляет экспериментальная оценка эффектов переменных магнитных полей на когнитивные функции пожилого организма.

Цель

Цель. Оценка влияния импульсного магнитного поля на когнитивные функции и двигательную активность у мышей при физиологическом старении.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Когнитивные функции и двигательную активность оценивали с помощью поведенческих тестов «Водный лабиринт Морриса» (ВЛМ) и «Открытое поле». Самцов и самок мышей неинбредного стока CFW в возрасте 18 мес. подвергали воздействию импульсного магнитного поля (ИМП) (28 кГц, 140 ± 15 мкТл в импульсе) по 5 мин в течение 5 сут до начала проведения поведенческих исследований и каждый день за 5 мин до тестирования в ВЛМ. Группу контроля составили животные, которых по такой же схеме подвергали ложному воздействию (ЛВ).

Результаты

Результаты. Показано, что динамика обучения у мышей при воздействии ИМП выше, чем в контрольной группе. На 5-е сут тестирования длительность поиска и длина траектории поиска скрытой платформы были высокодостоверно на 30% меньше по сравнению с контрольной группой, а частота успешного поиска скрытой платформы увеличилась на 75%. На 6-е сут тестирования в ВЛМ в финальной попытке мыши, подвергшиеся воздействию магнитного поля, в три раза чаще пересекали место расположения скрытой платформы. В проведенном тесте «Открытое поле» не было выявлено статистически значимого влияния воздействия импульсного магнитного поля на двигательную активность мышей.

Выводы

Выводы. Импульсное магнитное поле с частотой повторения импульсов 28 кГц и индукцией 140 ± 15 мкТл уменьшает у мышей естественный спад когнитивных функций, связанный с физиологическим старением. Полученные результаты требуют проведения дополнительных исследований для уточнения зависимости обнаруженных эффектов от параметров ИМП (частоты, модуляции, интенсивности воздействия). Выявленные эффекты позволяют предположить возможность применения ИМП для коррекции возрастных изменений когнитивных функций у человека.

Introduction

Introduction. The cognitive effects of intermediate-frequency electromagnetic fields (300 Hz — 10 MHz) from household and industrial sources have been insufficiently explored, with existing data remaining contradictory and primarily limited to young animals. Given the rapid aging of the global population, experimental assessment of how alternating magnetic fields affect cognitive function in an aged organism is of particular importance.

Objective

Objective. To assess the effects of a pulsed magnetic field on cognitive function and motor activity in physiologically aged mice.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. Cognitive function and motor activity were assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) and open field behavioral test. Eighteen-month-old outbred CFW mice of both sexes were exposed to a pulsed magnetic field (PMF; 28 kHz, 140 ± 15 µT per pulse) for 5 min daily over 5 consecutive days prior to the start of behavioral tests and subsequently for 5 min daily before MWM testing. Control animals were subjected to sham exposure following the same schedule.

Results

Results. PMF-exposed mice exhibited enhanced learning ability compared to the control group. On day 5 of testing, the escape latency and path length to the hidden platform were significantly reduced by 30% compared to the control group, while the success rate of finding the platform increased by 75%. On day 6 of MWM testing, the probe trial revealed that PMF-exposed mice crossed the former platform location three times more frequently than controls. In the open field test, no statistically significant effect of PMF exposure on motor activity was observed.

Conclusions

Conclusions. A pulsed magnetic field with a pulse repetition frequency of 28 kHz and an induction of 140 ± 15 µT reduces the natural decline in cognitive function. While further research is needed to clarify how the observed effects depend on PMF parameters (frequency, modulation, and exposure intensity), our findings suggest that PMF could potentially be used to address age-related cognitive changes in humans.

импульсное магнитное полеобучаемостькогнитивная функциядвигательная активностьмышифизиологическое старениеводный лабиринт МоррисаОткрытое полеpulsed magnetic fieldlearning abilitycognitive functionmotor activitymicephysiological agingMorris water mazeopen fieldРабота выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФМБА России «Изучение влияния длительного радиационного воздействия в раннем постнатальном периоде на отдаленные поведенческие и морфофункциональные показатели центральной нервной системы в эксперименте» (№ 27.003.23.800, шифр «Система»).The work was carried out within the framework of a state assignment of the FMBA of Russia “Study of the effect of long-term radiation exposure in the early postnatal period on long-term behavioral and morphofunctional parameters of the central nervous system in an experiment” (No. 27.003.23.800, code: “System”).ReferencesNaarala J, Kolehmainen M, Juutilainen J. Electromagnetic fields, genomic instability and cancer: A systems biological view. Genes. 2019;10(6):479. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10060479Naarala J, Kolehmainen M, Juutilainen J. Electromagnetic fields, genomic instability and cancer: A systems biological view. Genes. 2019;10(6):479. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10060479Schuermann D, Mevissen M. Manmade electromagnetic fields and oxidative stress-biological effects and consequences for health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(7):3772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073772Schuermann D, Mevissen M. Manmade electromagnetic fields and oxidative stress-biological effects and consequences for health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(7):3772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073772Еськов ЕК. Биологические эффекты электромагнитных полей. М.: ИНФРА-М; 2024. https://doi.org/10.12737/1229809Eskov EK. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Moscow: INFRA‑M; 2024 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.12737/1229809Flatscer J, Lorie EP, Mittermayr R, Meznik P, Slezak P, Red H, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) — physiological response and its potential in trauma treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(14):11239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411239Flatscer J, Lorie EP, Mittermayr R, Meznik P, Slezak P, Red H, et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) — physiological response and its potential in trauma treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(14):11239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411239Bodewein L, Schmiedchen K, Dechent D, Stunder D, Graefrath D, Winter L, et al. Systematic review on the biological effects of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range (300 Hz to 1 MHz). Environmental Research. 2019;171:247–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.015Bodewein L, Schmiedchen K, Dechent D, Stunder D, Graefrath D, Winter L, et al. Systematic review on the biological effects of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range (300 Hz to 1 MHz). Environmental Research. 2019;171:247–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.015Степанова ОА, Шоларь СА, Пеньков МН. Влияние электромагнитного поля частотой 300 Гц на морскую биоту. Системы контроля окружающей среды. 2023;4(54):34–40. EDN: QBWUQAStepanova OA, Sholar SA, Penkov MN. The effect of a 300 Hz electromagnetic field on marine biota. Systems of Environmental Control. 2023;4(54):34–40 (In Russ.). EDN: QBWUQAКаляда ТВ, Плеханов ВП. Актуальность мониторинга магнитных полей промышленной частоты 50 Гц в жилых и общественных зданиях. Гигиена и санитария. 2019;98(6):597–600. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-6-597-600Kalyada TV, Plekhanov VP. Topicality of monitoring of industrial frequency magnetic fields of 50 Hz in residential and public buildings. Journal of Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(6):597–600 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-6-597-600Ikuyo M, Esaki K, Aimoto A, Wake K, Yamaguchi-Sekino S, Kojimahara N, et al. Measurement and exposure assessment of intermediate frequency magnetic fields from electronic article surveillance (EAS) gates in libraries. Frontiers in Public Health. Radiation and Health. 2022;10:871134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.871134Ikuyo M, Esaki K, Aimoto A, Wake K, Yamaguchi-Sekino S, Kojimahara N, et al. Measurement and exposure assessment of intermediate frequency magnetic fields from electronic article surveillance (EAS) gates in libraries. Frontiers in Public Health. Radiation and Health. 2022;10:871134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.871134Раваева МЮ, Черетаев ИВ, Чуян ЕН, Галенко-Ярошевский ПА. Моделирующее действие низкоинтенсивного электромагнитного излучения крайне высокой частоты на тканевой окислительный метаболизм и микрогемодинамику в коже. Биомедицина. 2023;19(4):35–46. https://doi.org/10.33647/2074-5982-19-4-35-46Ravayeva MYu, Cheretaev IV, Chuyan EN, Galenko‑ Yaroshevsky PA. Modeling effect of low‑ intensity extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation on tissue oxidative metabolism and microhemodynamics in the skin. Biomedical Journal. 2023;19(4):35–46 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.33647/2074-5982-19-4-35-46Дмитриев АС, Аистова ЛГ, Грязнов ВГ, Ицков ВВ, Рыжов АИ и др. О взаимодействии модулированных электромагнитных полей с живыми биологическими организмами. Физические основы приборостроения. 2024;13(3);56–75. EDN: ZPDFDMDmitriev AS, Aistova LG, Gryaznov VG, Itskov VV, Ryzhov AI, Turkanov IF, et al. On the interaction of modulated electromagnetic fields with living biological organisms. Physical Foundations of Instrumentation. 2024;13(3):56–75 (In Russ.). EDN: ZPDFDMCurcio G. Exposure to mobile phone-emitted electromagnetic fields and human attention: no evidence of a causal relationship. Fronters in Public Health. 2018;6:42. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00042Curcio G. Exposure to mobile phone-emitted electromagnetic fields and human attention: no evidence of a causal relationship. Fronters in Public Health. 2018;6:42. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00042Benke G, Abramson MJ, Brzozek C, McDonald S, Kelsall H, Sanagou M et al. The effects of radiofrequency exposure on cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human observational studies. Environment International. 2024;188:108779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108779Benke G, Abramson MJ, Brzozek C, McDonald S, Kelsall H, Sanagou M et al. The effects of radiofrequency exposure on cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human observational studies. Environment International. 2024;188:108779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108779Zhao J, Ma J, Wang X, Zhang B. Effects of electromagnetic field emitted by a 90 kHz WPT system on the cognitive functions and neuronal excitation of mice. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2025;44(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2024.2438607Zhao J, Ma J, Wang X, Zhang B. Effects of electromagnetic field emitted by a 90 kHz WPT system on the cognitive functions and neuronal excitation of mice. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2025;44(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2024.2438607Ширяева НВ, Вайдо АИ, Павлова МБ, Сурма СВ, Щеголев БФ. Влияние электромагнитных излучений на ориентировочно-исследовательскую активность и когнитивные функции крыс с контрастной возбудимостью нервной системы. Интегративная физиология. 2020;1(2):123–32. https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2020-1-2-123-132Shiryaeva NV, Vaido AI, Pavlova MB, Surma SV Shchegolev BF. The effect of electromagnetic radiation on exploratory activity and cognitive functions in rats with contrasting nervous system excitability. Integrative Physiology. 2020;1(2):123–32 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2020-1-2-123-132Hao Y, Liu W, Xu Z, Jin X, Ye Y, Yu C, et al. High-power electromagnetic pulse exposure of healthy mice: assessment of effects on mice cognitions, neuronal activities, and hippocampal structures. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2022;16:898164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.898164Hao Y, Liu W, Xu Z, Jin X, Ye Y, Yu C, et al. High-power electromagnetic pulse exposure of healthy mice: assessment of effects on mice cognitions, neuronal activities, and hippocampal structures. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2022;16:898164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.898164Глущенков ВА, Волова ЛТ, Беляева ИА, Роденко НА, Болтовская ВВ. Факторы магнитно-импульсного воздействия, влияющие на морфологические изменения биологической клетки. Известия Самарского научного центра Российской академии наук. 2022;24(1):24–9. https://doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2022-24-1-24-29Glushchenkov VA, Volova LT, Belyaeva IA, Rodenko NA, Boltovskaya VV. Factors of magnetic‑pulse exposure affecting morphological changes in a biological cell. Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2022;24(1):24–9 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2022-24-1-24-29Wang P, Wang X, Wang Q, Jiao Y, Wang X, Chen C, et al. Cognitive improvement via a modulated rhythmic pulsed magnetic field in D-galactose-induced accelerated aging mice. Brain Research. 2023;1810:148372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148372Wang P, Wang X, Wang Q, Jiao Y, Wang X, Chen C, et al. Cognitive improvement via a modulated rhythmic pulsed magnetic field in D-galactose-induced accelerated aging mice. Brain Research. 2023;1810:148372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148372Hadzibegovic S, Nicole O, Andelkovic V, Poulletier de Gannes F, Hurtier A, Lagroye I, et al. Examining the effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on cognitive functions and functional brain markers in aged mice. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):8365. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-93230-yHadzibegovic S, Nicole O, Andelkovic V, Poulletier de Gannes F, Hurtier A, Lagroye I, et al. Examining the effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on cognitive functions and functional brain markers in aged mice. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):8365. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-93230-yNelson JF, Felicio LS, Randall PK, Sims C, Finch CE. A longitudinal study of estrous cyclicity in aging C57BL/6J mice: I. Сycle frequency, length and vaginal cytology. Biology of Reproduction. 1982;27(2):327–39. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod27.2.327Nelson JF, Felicio LS, Randall PK, Sims C, Finch CE. A longitudinal study of estrous cyclicity in aging C57BL/6J mice: I. Сycle frequency, length and vaginal cytology. Biology of Reproduction. 1982;27(2):327–39. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod27.2.327Алдибекова АЕ, Стяжкина ЕВ, Тряпицына ГA, Пряхин ЕА. Сравнение цитогенетических эффектов импульсного магнитного поля и гамма-излучения при воздействии на клетки меристемы проростков лука (Allium cepa L.). Известия Российской академии наук. Серия биологическая. 2024;51(1):3–13. https://doi.org/10.31857/S1026347024010012Aldibekova AE, Styazhkina EV, Tryapitsyna GA, Pryakhin EA. Comparison of the cytogenetic effects of a pulsed magnetic field and gamma radiation on meristem cells of onion seed sprouts (Allium cepa L.). Biology Bulletin. 2024;51(1):3–13 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S1026347024010012Frame AK, Lone A, Harris RA, Cumming RC. Simple Protocol for distinguishing drug-induced effects on spatial memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval in mice using the Morris water maze. Bio Protocol. 2019;9(18):e3376. https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.3376Frame AK, Lone A, Harris RA, Cumming RC. Simple Protocol for distinguishing drug-induced effects on spatial memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval in mice using the Morris water maze. Bio Protocol. 2019;9(18):e3376. https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.3376Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory. Nature Protocols. 2006;1(2):848–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.116Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory. Nature Protocols. 2006;1(2):848–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.116D’Hooge R, De Deyn PP. Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory. Brain Research Reviews. 2001;36(1):60–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00067-4D’Hooge R, De Deyn PP. Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory. Brain Research Reviews. 2001;36(1):60–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00067-4Kraeuter A-K, Guest PC, Sarnyai Z. The Open Field Test for measuring locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior. In: Guest P, ed. Pre-clinical models: techniques and protocols, methods in molecular biology. New York: Humana Press; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8994-2_9Kraeuter A-K, Guest PC, Sarnyai Z. The Open Field Test for measuring locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior. In: Guest P, ed. Pre-clinical models: techniques and protocols, methods in molecular biology. New York: Humana Press; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8994-2_9De Coninck M, Van Dam D, Van Ginneken C, De Deyn P. Adapted Morris Water Maze protocol to prevent interference from confounding motor deficits on cognitive functioning. Somatosensory & Motor Research. 2017;34(3):172–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2017.1372740De Coninck M, Van Dam D, Van Ginneken C, De Deyn P. Adapted Morris Water Maze protocol to prevent interference from confounding motor deficits on cognitive functioning. Somatosensory & Motor Research. 2017;34(3):172–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2017.1372740Gouirand AM, Matuszewich L. The effects of chronic unpredictable stress on male rats in the water maze. Physiology & Behavior. 2005;86(1–2):21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.027Gouirand AM, Matuszewich L. The effects of chronic unpredictable stress on male rats in the water maze. Physiology & Behavior. 2005;86(1–2):21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.027Young ME, Hoane MR. Mixed effects modeling of Morris water maze data revisited: Bayesian censored regression. Learning & Behavior. 2021;49(3):307–20. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-020-00457-yYoung ME, Hoane MR. Mixed effects modeling of Morris water maze data revisited: Bayesian censored regression. Learning & Behavior. 2021;49(3):307–20. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-020-00457-yVorhees CV, Williams MT. Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory. Nature Protocols. 2006;1(2):848–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.116Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory. Nature Protocols. 2006;1(2):848–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.116Gallistel CR, Fairhurst S, Balsam P. The learning curve: implications of a quantitative analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA. 2004;101(36);13124–31. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404965101Gallistel CR, Fairhurst S, Balsam P. The learning curve: implications of a quantitative analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA. 2004;101(36);13124–31. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404965101Зайцева НВ, Землянова МА, Игнатова АМ, Наймарк ОБ, Степанков МС. Возможности метода мультифрактального анализа для оценки перемещения биологических объектов. Журнал общей биологии. 2022;83(5):389–400. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044459622050098Zaitseva NV, Zemlyanova MA, Ignatova AM, Naymark OB, Stepankov MS. Potential of Multifractal Analysis for Characterizing Movements of Biological Objects. Biology Bulletin Reviews. 2023;13(5):495–505 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079086423050134Yan Y, Tian M, Wang T, Wang X, Wang Y, Shi J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation effects on cognitive enhancement in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2023;14:42022345482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1209205Yan Y, Tian M, Wang T, Wang X, Wang Y, Shi J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation effects on cognitive enhancement in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2023;14:42022345482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1209205Wang B, Wang Y, Yang F, Han F, Li K, Sun K, et al. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on immediate and long-term cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. J NeuroEngineering Rehabil. 2025;22(1):262. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01777-8Wang B, Wang Y, Yang F, Han F, Li K, Sun K, et al. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on immediate and long-term cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. J NeuroEngineering Rehabil. 2025;22(1):262. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01777-8Yang T, Liu W, He J, Gui Ch, Meng L, Xu L, Jia Ch. The cognitive effect of non-invasive brain stimulation combined with cognitive training in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Research and Therapy. 2024;16(1):140. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-024-01505-9Yang T, Liu W, He J, Gui Ch, Meng L, Xu L, Jia Ch. The cognitive effect of non-invasive brain stimulation combined with cognitive training in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Research and Therapy. 2024;16(1):140. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-024-01505-9Hendrickx JO, Moudt SD, Calus E, Deyn PP, Dam DV, Meyer G. Age-related cognitive decline in spatial learning and memory of C57BL/6J mice. Behavioural Brain Research. 2022;418:113649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113649Hendrickx JO, Moudt SD, Calus E, Deyn PP, Dam DV, Meyer G. Age-related cognitive decline in spatial learning and memory of C57BL/6J mice. Behavioural Brain Research. 2022;418:113649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113649

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.