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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экстремальная биомедицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Extreme Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-8964</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-8972</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47183/mes.2026-503</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mes-503</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TOXICOLOGY &amp; CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Методологические аспекты в дизайнах доклинических исследований лекарственных средств: обзор</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Methodological aspects of study design in preclinical drug development: A review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7926-6033</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шредер</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shreder</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шредер Ольга Васильевна, канд. биол. наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga_shreder@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-6961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивашова</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivashova</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ивашова Динара Михайловна</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pharmacevt07@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>503</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шредер О.В., Ивашова Д.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шредер О.В., Ивашова Д.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shreder O.V., Ivashova D.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/503">https://www.extrememedicine.ru/jour/article/view/503</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Современное развитие молекулярной биологии и компьютерных наук обусловливает необходимость пересмотра методологии доклинических исследований. Программа Tox21 обеспечивает интеграцию традиционных подходов с инновациями, что позволяет создавать новые стратегии исследования лекарственных средств и трансформировать токсикологию в прогностическую науку. Для разработки безопасных лекарственных препаратов с помощью моделирования требуется стандартизация экспериментальных и статистических подходов с учетом особенностей целевых популяций.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Систематизация методологических подходов к статистическому и экспериментальному унифицированному планированию доклинических исследований лекарственных средств.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Анализ рассмотренных подходов показывает, что методологическая строгость на доклиническом этапе является критическим фактором успешного внедрения лекарственных средств в клинику. В работе обоснована четкая иерархия исследовательских дизайнов: от поисковых и пилотных эмпирических схем, предназначенных для генерации гипотез, до трансляционных и опорных исследований, направленных на их подтверждение. Установлено, что ключевым результатом корректного статистического планирования является обеспечение внутренней и внешней валидности получаемых данных. В частности, показано, что в пилотных исследованиях приоритет отдается точечным оценкам и описательным статистикам, тогда как в подтверждающих (опорных) дизайнах критически важны априорный расчет мощности, рандомизация и ослепление. Представленная в работе классификация экспериментальных единиц («отдельное животное», «гнездовая выборка», «повторные наблюдения») напрямую определяет достоверность статистических выводов и минимизацию риска псевдорепликации. Унификация статистических планов трансляционных доклинических испытаний по аналогии с клиническими исследованиями является результирующей стратегией, обеспечивающей надежность прогнозов безопасности и эффективности фармакологически активных соединений перед началом их изучения на человеке.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Унификация статистических и экспериментальных планов на доклиническом этапе — необходимое условие получения надежных данных о безопасности и эффективности лекарственных средств. Соблюдение единых методологических принципов в поисковых, трансляционных и опорных исследованиях обеспечивает преемственность результатов и снижает риск ошибочных прогнозов при экстраполяции на человека. Представленные подходы могут служить методической основой для гармонизации доклинических и клинических стратегий в медицинской и ветеринарной фармакологии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Recent advances in molecular biology and computational science necessitate a revision of preclinical methodologies. Initiatives such as Tox21 program integrate traditional approaches with innovations, enabling new drug research strategies and transforming toxicology into a predictive science. However, the development of safe drugs through modeling requires the standardization of experimental and statistical approaches, while accounting for the characteristics of target populations.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To systematize methodological approaches toward unified statistical and experimental planning of preclinical drug studies.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. Analysis of the reviewed approaches shows that methodological rigor at the preclinical stage is a critical factor in the successful introduction of drugs into clinical practice. This paper proposes a tiered framework of study designs: ranging from exploratory and pilot studies that generate hypotheses to rigorous translational and pivotal trials intended for confirmation. Robust statistical planning is essential for ensuring both internal and external validity, thereby enhancing the reliability and translatability of research findings. Pilot and exploratory studies focus on effect size estimation and descriptive statistics, whereas confirmatory (pivotal) trials require rigorous a priori power analysis alongside strict randomization and blinding protocols. The presented classification of experimental units — whether single subjects, littermates, or repeated measures — is critical for ensuring statistical validity and preventing pseudoreplication. Unifying statistical designs for translational preclinical trials by analogy with clinical studies is the definitive strategy for ensuring reliable safety and efficacy predictions for pharmacologically active compounds prior to human trials.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The unification of statistical and experimental plans at the preclinical stage is necessary for obtaining reliable data on drug safety and efficacy. Adherence to unified methodological principles in exploratory, translational, and pivotal studies ensures data continuity and reduces the risk of erroneous predictions when extrapolating findings to human populations. The presented approaches can serve as a methodological basis for harmonizing preclinical and clinical strategies in medical and veterinary pharmacology.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>опорные исследования</kwd><kwd>трансляционные исследования</kwd><kwd>поисковые исследования</kwd><kwd>доклинические исследования</kwd><kwd>статистические планы</kwd><kwd>дизайн эксперимента</kwd><kwd>экспериментальная единица</kwd><kwd>валидность</kwd><kwd>воспроизводимость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pivotal studies</kwd><kwd>translational studies</kwd><kwd>exploratory studies</kwd><kwd>preclinical studies</kwd><kwd>statistical designs</kwd><kwd>experimental design</kwd><kwd>experimental unit</kwd><kwd>validity</kwd><kwd>reproducibility</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00061-26-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 124022300127-0).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (NCEEMP), No. 056-00061-26-00, for applied scientific research (State Research Registration No. 124022300127-0).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas R, Paules R, Simeonov A, Fitzpatrick S, Crofton KM, Casey WM, et al. 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