The review compares promising approaches to treatment of skin and bone tissue injuries sustained under extreme conditions that employ mesenchymal stem cells. The materials have been extracted from Google Scholar and PubMed. We describe key factors of the Arctic region that affect human epidermis and bone tissues, as well as those that complicate their healing in case of injury. The reviewed papers allowed identifying promising products that have a multifaceted effect on the tissue repair processes, which are those employing mesenchymal stem cells, their exosomes, and recombinant growth factors in combination with biomaterials. Medical products developed for treatment of injuries sustained in the Arctic conditions can be used for wounds sustained in other extreme environments.

The effects of various toxicants on the body tissues cause tissue abnormalities resulting in dystrophic changes and necrosis. The nervous system is the most vulnerable to the effects of exogenic substances, both chemical and biological, due to high metabolic activity and the cells' incapability of self-renewal. Neurotoxicants lead to disturbances of cellular nutrition and eventually to neurodegeneration. Neurons can die due to both apoptosis and necrosis.

During a space flight, cosmonauts have to adapt to new unique environmental conditions. As a result, they accumulate changes to their bodily systems that can eventually cause undesirable consequences potentially detrimental to the success of the mission. The review examines research papers investigating functional and structural changes occurring in the brain in the context of a spaceflight. Microgravity is believed to be the main factor behind the said changes: it causes redistribution of fluid in the body and conditions adaptive neural rearrangements at the microstructural level. Other elements peculiar to a spaceflight that can have this or that effect on the brain are also considered. In addition, this review scopes publications that allow assumptions about the specific causes of the registered morphofunctional alterations in the brain of cosmonauts.

Toxic effects of the myeloablative cyclophosphamide (CP) doses include damage to the gastrointestinal tract. This is manifested by gastrointestinal stasis, cytostatic drug-induced damage to the small intestinal mucosa, and acute gut-derived endotoxemia. The study was aimed to identify causal relationships between gastrointestinal stasis, enterocytopenia, and acute gut-derived endotoxemia in the rat model of the CP myeloablative conditioning. We assessed the effects of the intragastrically administered 0.48 М sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution or the 0.1 М hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution on the indicators of gastrointestinal stasis, enterocytopenia, portal blood levels of endotoxin, ammonia, urea, and urinary indican excretion. The stomach overfilled with chyme, decreased alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activity in the small intestinal tissues, 4.4-fold increased endotoxin levels, 4.6-fold increased urea levels, twofold increased portal blood plasma creatinine levels, and twofold increased urinary indican excretion were observed three days after intravenous administration of CP in a dose of 390 mg/kg. Intragastric administration of NaHCO3 or HCl partially prevented gastric stasis, but not acute gut-derived endotoxemia. Administration of NaHCO3, not HCl, prevented enterocytopenia in the duodenum. Acute gut-derived endotoxemia resulted mainly from the more intense release of the cecal microflora waste products into blood. Testing the use of sodium bicarbonate intragastric administration combined with the enteral detoxification and/or options for suppression of colonic microflora vegetation for prevention of the myeloablative cytostatic therapy complications is promising.

Poisoning with acylating pulmonary toxicants results in toxic pulmonary edema (TPE), the approaches to treatment of which are limited. The lung injury similar to poisoning with acylating pulmonary toxicants can be simulation through body’s exposure to the fluoroplastic thermal degradation products containing perfluoroisobutylene. The study was aimed to compare toxic pulmonary edema manifestations in the laboratory animals poisoned with an acylating pulmonary toxicant (carbonyl chloride) and fluoroplastic thermal degradation products. Animals (male rats, n = 78) were divided into three groups: controls; Poisoning 1, where the animals were exposed to carbonyl chloride; Poisoning 2, where the animals were exposed to the fluoroplastic thermal degradation products. The animals’ lung/body ratio was determined and the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was assesed 10 min, 1, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h after the exposure. Histological examination of lung tissue was performed 3 and 6 h after the exposure. The increase in the lung/body ratio, decrease in PaO2, and increase in PaCO2 relative to controls were revealed 3, 6, 24, and 48 h after the exposure to carbonyl chloride and fluoroplastic thermal degradation products. The signs of the interstitial toxic pulmonary edema phase were detected 3 h after the exposure to the studied toxicants, and the signs of alveolar phase were revealed after 6 h. Similar changes were identified in animals of the experimental groups. The findings have shown that the exposure to carbonyl chloride and the fluoroplastic thermal degradation products containing perfluoroisobutylene lead to similar changes in the early post-intoxication period.

Bone-seeking radionuclides, in particular 89,90Sr, could get into the environment in the course of various anthropogenic radiation incidents. From there they enter a human body with food and water. This leads to red bone marrow (RBM) internal exposure. These elements were present in the composition of radioactive releases into the Techa River in 1950s, and are the major source of RBM exposure for the residents of the riverside settlements. RBM dose estimation relies on dosimetric modeling which comprises the development of 3D computational phantoms of the skeleton parts. By imitating the energy transfer in these phantoms, the conversion coefficients from the radionuclide activity in a bone to the dose rate in RBM are evaluated. The given study is yet another step in the research aimed at the elaboration of a set of computational phantoms of the skeleton for people of various age. The objective is to develop a computational phantom of a skeleton of a 10-year-old child to estimate dose to RBM due to incorporated beta-emitters. Original SPSD (stochastic parametric skeletal dosimetry) approach was used to create the phantoms. According to this method the skeleton sites containing RBM were divided into smaller segment of simple geometric shape, for which voxel phantoms were generated. The parameters for phantom generation were based on published research data. They included^ linear dimensions of bones, thickness of the cortical layer, characteristics/properties of the bone micro-architecture, density and chemical composition of the modelled media and the percentage of RBM content in bones. Generated computational phantom of the skeleton sites with active hematopoiesis of a 10-year-old child consists of 38 phantom-segments. Linear dimensions of the segments were from 3 to 88 mm, cortical layer thickness: 0.2–2.2 mm.

In the context of additional radiation exposure, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding the antioxidant system enzymes can contribute to the oxidative stress enhancement, damage to DNA, and therefore lead to the increase in the risk of malignant neoplasm (MN) development. The study was aimed to determine the association of the СYBA (rs4673), GPX1 (rs1050450), MPO (rs2333227), CAT (rs7943316), SOD2 (rs4880) polymorphic loci with the risk of MN development in individuals affected by low dose rate chronic radiation exposure considering intergenic interactions and the radiation dose. Two groups of individuals were included in the study: exposed individuals with no MNs — 384 people with the mean accumulated dose to the red bone marrow (RBM) of 796.95 ± 35.97 mGy; exposed individuals with the history of MNs — 227 people with the mean accumulated dose to RBM of 520.06 ± 38.72 mGy. Amplification of the rs4880, rs2333227, rs7943316, rs4673, rs1050450 polymorphic loci was performed with real time PCR. Compliance with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was reported for all gene polymorphisms. It has been found that the rs4880*С (SOD2) and rs1050450*Т (GPX1) alleles are associated with the risk of MN development in accordance with the dominant (OR = 1.49 (1.02–2.18), р = 0.04) and recessive (OR = 2.00 (1.11–3.62), р = 0.02) inheritance modes, respectively. An interfactor interaction model with the 100% reproducibility and 66% accuracy (р = 0.001) has been obtained that includes the SOD2 (rs4880), СYBA (rs4673) polymorphisms and the factor of accumulated dose to RBM. Thus, polymorphic loci of the genes regulating the oxidative status of the cells are associated with the increased risk of MN development in individuals, who have experienced chronic radiation exposure with predominant exposure of RBM.

The understanding of the exposure effects on the human health could be improved by analyzing the influence of the chronic low dose rate exposure on the senescence of the immune system cells. It will also help to develop the measures aimed at the mitigation of the adverse effects. The objective of the study is to investigate the influence of the chronic low dose rate exposure on the senescence of the immune system cells using the cytogenetic markers. In the course of the research the authors evaluated the cellular senescence markers — genome instability and telomere depletion — in T-lymphocytes of the individuals exposed in the Southern Urals (exposure doses were 0.001 Gy — 4.7 Gy, the age of examined people was 40–89 years). The data analysis has demonstrated that the effect of chronic exposure on the T-cell senescence was indirect. Unstable chromosome aberrations occurred statistically significantly more frequently in exposed people aged 40–59 years (p = 0.012). Frequency of lymphocytes with micronuclei in exposed individuals differed in men and women (p = 0.001). Statistically significant decrease in the telomere length was revealed (for the chromosome arms 1q, 3p, 3q, 20p, 20q, 13q, 15p, 22q (p < 0.05); 19p, 21q (p < 0.01)).

The study is relevant due to the fact that the decrease in microbial toxicity observed during the radio-inactivation of microorganisms is accompanied by synthesis of radioprotective substances and exertion of the radioprotective effects associated with administration of such microbial agents to exposed animals. The study was aimed to assess radioprotective efficacy of the exposed Staphylococcus aureus variants. The study showed that the Staphylococcus aureus culture treated with a single dose of gamma radiation (30–40 kGy) ensured protection of 55–66% of the lethally irradiated animals. Multiple exposures of the test microorganism to the gradually increasing doses of gamma radiation induced an even larger increase in radioresistance resulting from the synthesis of endogenic radioprotectors, particularly peroxidase, the antioxidant enzyme, and IL1β cytokine, ensuring interception of the radiation-induced toxic radicals and thereby preventing postexposure pancytopenia in the bone marrow. The experiments involving white mice exposed to the absolutely lethal gamma radiation doses (7.9 Gy, LD100/30) showed that a single subcutaneous administration of the St. aureus radioresistant variant (strain 209R70) in a dose of 2 × 108 bacterial cells per animal 3 days after the exposure ensured the 77.7% survival rate, while 100% of untreated animals died. Based on the findings it was concluded that inclusion of the exposed agents of microbial origin would make it possible to increase the efficacy of the combination radioprotectors.

Vitamin D deficiency that remains non-compensated for a long time is associated with high risk of rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, myopathies and low-energy fractures, as well as secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). SHPT represents one of the main mechanisms, through which vitamin D deficiency can contribute to pathogenesis of low-energy fractures. The study was aimed to assess the calcium and phosphorus metabolism state and the bone tissue metabolism markers in highly trained athletes with SHPT, as well as the prevalence of SHPT in elite sports. The study involved 527 young athletes aged 12–18 years (average age 15.2 years) doing 32 sports. The group with SHPT included 16 children (11 girls and 5 boys) with the average age of 15.0 years. The control group with normal levels of parathyroid hormone consisted of 511 children (254 boys and 273 girls) with the average age of 15.2 years. The studied subgroups were matched by age (p = 0.678). Girls predominated in the group with SHPT (р = 0.02). SHPT associated with vitamin D deficiency was revealed in 3% of young highly trained athletes, it was more prevalent among girls. The SHPT development does not result in alteration of the calcium and phosphorus metabolism indicators, however, it is accompanied by the increase in bone resorption markers, β-CrossLaps and total alkaline phosphatase. Many aspects related to vitamin D deficiency in SHPT are currently poorly understood, and there are no clinical guidelines on the cholecalciferol replacement therapy. Large-scale clinical trials are required to determine the optimal threshold values of 25(ОН)D3 and the powerful and effective treatment regimens for young athletes having SHPT associated with vitamin D deficiency.

In children, 90% of all anemia cases are due to iron deficiency. Iron is an essential element so iron metabolism disorders have negative consequences for health. Currently, there are no reliable statistical data on the prevalence of iron deficiency in elite young athletes in the Russian Federation (RF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and latent iron deficiency (LID) in young elite athletes. We retrospectively analyzed 802 outpatient records of members of the Russian national sport teams aged 13–18 (mean age is 15.4 ± 2.1 years; 434 (54.1%) girls, 368 (45.9%) boys) in 17 sports, who underwent indepth medical examination including clinical blood tests and serum iron level assays. IDA was diagnosed in 43 young elite athletes (5.4% of all examined athletes). The prevalence of IDA in female adolescents was significantly higher than in male adolescents (8.9% and 1.1%, respectively; p = 0.0001). The prevalence of LID in game sports was significantly higher compared to the other sports. LID was recorded in 186 athletes (23.2%). LID was less common in cyclic sports and was not gender dependent. It can be concluded that young elite athletes have a moderate prevalence of IDA (> 5%). However, since LID was diagnosed in 20% of the athletes, it may be necessary to perform thorough examination for timely screening and correction of iron deficiency in adolescent high performance sports.

Plantar fasciitis (PF) is one of the leading causes of heel pain in athletes. Since the disease etiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood, determination of impaired biomechanical patterns will make it possible to develop effective and safe therapeutic strategies. The study was aimed to reveal biomechanical changes typical for athletes with PF. Analysis of the results of baropodometric examination of 60 athletes, who were assessed and treated at the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation of FMBA of Russia due to foot disorders (1–2 degree combined platypodia and PF), was conducted. Athletes were divided into two groups based on the fact of having/not having a verified diagnosis of PF. The study involved 24 males (40%) and 36 females (60%), the athletes’ median age was 24 (19; 28) years. During the study we noted a trend towards higher incidence of PF in female athletes (р = 0.066). Hammertoe deformity was often found in athletes with PF (р < 0.05). Athletes with combined platypodia and PF showed overload or insufficient load in the posterior part of the affected foot, depending on pain severity, in static tests (r = 0.592, р = 0.001). The dynamic tests revealed deformation of the general pressure vector and changes in the general center of pressure velocity (р < 0.01). Baropodometric examination showed that athletes with PF had deficit or excess increase of plantar pressure in the heel of the affected foot, along with deformation of the general pressure vector.

Today, the prospect of long-term interplanetary missions becomes relevant, that is why it is necessary to understand the changes in the cardiovascular system (CVS) that would occur in hypomagnetic environment. The study was aimed to assess the changes in the CVS mechanisms underlying formation of heart rate variability and bioelectric processes in the myocardium under conditions the 350-, 650-, and 1000-fold reduced Earth’s magnetic field. The experiment (2023) involved 6 male volunteers aged 26–37 years, in whom electrocardiography was continuously performed throughout 32 h. The data obtained were assessed by cluster analysis and analysis of variance. It was found than male volunteers, who belonged to the group showing predominance of parasympathetic effects, had enough functional reserve for critical values (exposure to the up to 1000-fold reduced magnetic field). In volunteers showing predominance of sympathetic modulatory effects, the adaptive response maintenance was ensured by the metabolic regulatory circuit. In this group, the response to the reduced magnetic field exposure was quite pronounced at the threshold of its 350-fold reduction. Our pilot experiment reflecting the effect of the reduced Earth’s magnetic field on the CVS is crucial for development of the concept of further experimental exposures related to magnetic field reduction benefiting space physiology and medicine.

Synthetic short-acting opioids are commonly used in anesthesiology as painkillers because their effect is more pronounced compared to that of natural substances. However, they have a number of side effects that, when fentanyl is used in doses larger than therapeutic, can lead to a lethal outcome. This study aimed to assess the cardiotropic effects of high doses of fentanyl using a rat heart isolated in a Langendorff perfusion system. Parameters of the heart's contractile activity were recorded with the help of PowerLab Data acquisition system 8/30 (ADInstruments, USA) and processed in the LabChartProUpgrade 7.0 program. At the concentration of 3.7 × 10–6 M, which corresponds to the opioid content in blood after administration of a 5 ED50 dose, fentanyl caused the QT interval duration to grow by 22%, as registered on an ECG, and a 256% spike of T wave (compared to control; p < 0.05). At the concentration of 7.4 × 10–6 M (10 ED50), the drug decreased heart rate by 20.4% (p < 0.05) and triggered a coronary constrictor effect that raised the perfusion pressure by 18.6% (p < 0.05). Further increase of fentanyl concentration to 1.5 × 10–5 M (20 ED50) was accompanied by an 83.5% growth of the end diastolic pressure (p < 0.05). Administration of nalmefene, nonselective opioid receptor blocker, did not cancel the cardiovasotropic action of fentanyl. Thus, fentanyl has a dose-dependent cardiotoxic effect. Despite the drop in the registered values of isolated heart's parameters, the results of this experiment confirm that cardiac activity persists under the influence of high doses of the opioid.

Timely first aid (FA) for acute conditions makes it possible to improve treatment outcomes and sometimes save human life. Assessing the basic knowledge about FA will help develop a rational system for training and dissemination of knowledge about FA. The study was aimed to perform quantitative and qualitative analysis of mistakes made by residents of Moscow and Moscow Region during assessment of their basic knowledge about FA. The questionnaire consisting of 10 questions (four possible answers, among then one correct) was created. Polling conducted before testing showed that all the respondents had basic knowledge about FA. The total study sample was 946 individuals (aged 15 years and older), it was divided into group based on the fact of having/not having medical education. It was found that the basic knowledge about FA was generally low, mainly due to the respondents having no medical education. Qualitative analysis of the answers revealed a large number of gross mistakes reflecting a high risk of wrong actions leading to deterioration of health of a victim or FA provider. The study confirms the fact of insufficient awareness of various categories of citizens, including healthcare professionals, on the issues of FA, which suggests the need to improve the system for training and dissemination of knowledge about FA across the population.

The lack of vitamins and minerals in the body contributes to the development of acquired deficient conditions. The study was aimed to assess micronutrient levels in the military personnel serving in various climatic zones of Russia. Plasma levels of vitamins (D based on 25(OH)D, B12, В9) and minerals (K, Na, total and ionized Ca, P, Mg, Fe), working and nutritional conditions were determined in servicemen in the Arctic (n = 54), Subarctic (n = 57), and temporary climate (n = 58) zones. The 25(OH)D levels were 24.06 ± 6.95, 21.5 ± 12.1(р1–2 = 0.003), and 27.2 ± 15.2 (р1–2 = 0.423, р1–3 = 0.032) ng/ml; deficiency and insufficiency were revealed in 82.3, 86.5, and 63.8% of military personnel. The cobalamin levels were 96.46 ± 20.6, 111.7 ± 59.4 (р1–2 = 0.046), and 125.7 ± 63.2 (р1–2 = 0.002, р1–3 = 0.334) pmol/L; the values below 148 pg/mL were reported for 100.0, 73.6, and 67.2% of surveyed individuals. The folate levels were 3.4 ± 0.4, 3.52 ± 1.54 (р1–2 = 0.657), and 6.49 ± 6.21 (р1–2 = 0.001, р1–3 = 0.009) ng/mL; the decreased levels were reported for 89.8, 81.3, and 44.8% of military personnel. The ionized calcium levels were decreased in 29.4, 50.0, and 67.2% of surveyed individuals, while the iron levels were decreased in 2.0, 1.9, and 3.4%. Elevated potassium (23.5, 29.6, and 8.6%), sodium (32.7 and 27.6% of individuals serving in the Subarctic and temporary climate zones) and total calcium (42.6% of individuals serving in the Subarctic zone) levels were reported. In the Arctic zone, the servicemen worked indoors and outdoors (heavy labour), while in the Subarctic and temporary climate zones they worked indoors (hard labour). In the Arctic zone, meals were organized consisting of the delivered canned foods (general military ration, 4466.7 ± 230.7 kcal/day), while in other zones it was homemade food with the disturbed eating pattern, inadequate consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits. The study updates the directions for prevention of health problems in the military personnel serving in the extreme habitat and working conditions: estimation of body’s vitamin and mineral balance; optimization of the diet with the vegetable protein food products; raising awareness about the issues of individual diet and the use of vitamin and mineral supplements; developing formulations of multicomponent food products for adjustment of body’s vitamin and mineral balance.

The search for new anticoagulants requires simple and affordable methods for primary determination of their activity. Clotting tests are widely used for laboratory evaluation of the hemostatic system. These are model studies that assess the state of the hemostatic system from a clinical point of view based on the fibrin clot formation time. Reagents and instruments for such tests are produced in Russia, they have low manufacturing cost and are easy to use. However, it is necessary to make a few modifications to the measurement methods to assess the anticoagulant activity. The study was aimed to demonstrate performance of the protocol for testing the solution anticoagulant activity using the modified standard clinical tests involving measurement of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT). Reagents for measurement of aPTT, PT, and TT were used, along with the domestically produced heparin and two recombinant anticoagulant proteins from the medicinal leech obtained in our laboratory. Clotting tests were performed with the addition of anticoagulants to the reaction mixture were performed; performance and applicability limits of the methods used were determined. When studying hirudin, heparin, and cysteine-rich anticoagulant of medical leech using measurement of aPTT, TT, and PT, a dose-dependent increase in clotting time was demonstrated. The methods’ compatibility with the use of various common components of buffer solutions used in biochemical tests was determined. It was shown that the slightly modified standard blood clotting tests for determination of hemostatic parameters could be used to test new potential anticoagulants.

The specifics of individual immune reactions after COVID-19 have not been studied sufficiently. This study aimed to describe the changes in indicators of cellular and humoral levels of immunity after COVID-19, and gage general trends and individual characteristics. We sampled blood of 125 unvaccinated COVID-19 patients (29 men and 96 women, median age 53 years) 1 to 4 months after recovery, and determined the relative content of T-lymphocytes (CD3+), B-lymphocytes (CD19+), and cells with late activation markers (CD3+HLA–DR+) in them using flow cytometry. With the help of ELISA, we have registered the level of circulating immune complexes, which can be medium molecular weight (CICmed) and low molecular weight (CIClow), and the content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. In the mild course group, significant differences from the normal values (p < 0.001) were found for T cells (growth, 74.4 ± 1.2% vs. 68.6 ± 1.1%) and B cells (decline, 10.2 ± 0.7% vs. 13.9 ± 0.9%). In the moderately severe course and severe course groups, the level of CD3+HLA–DR+ lymphocytes was increased (7.7 ± 0.4% and 15.7 ± 2.5%, respectively, versus 3.9 ± 0.8% in the control group; p < 0.01). All the examined patients had high levels of CIClow (2.6-2.9-fold increase) and CICmed (1.6–1.8-fold increase). The protective level of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 above 150 BAU/ml was registered in about 50% of the mild group participants, 75% of the moderately severe group members, and 100% of patients who had the disease in a severe form. We detected no connections between immune disorders and clinical features of the course of the disease and the period thereafter, with the exception of abdominal syndrome peculiar to the acute stage of the disease. The article also describes a clinical case of detection in the early post-COVID-19 period of a pathological clone characteristic of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and its subsequent disappearance and normalization of the immunophenotype as registered during a follow-up 1.5 years after recovery. The persistent immunological shifts should be taken into account when assessing the risks of reinfection and possible complications.

The paper provides the results of the comprehensive electron microscopic examination of the venous blood and internal organ tissue samples obtained when studying the imported case of tropical malaria. The study was aimed to assess the fine structure of the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum and alterations of the affected tissues in severe tropical malaria. The venous blood, cerebral cortical tissue and myocardial samples were examined by light microscopy and electron (scanning and transmission) microscopy. Numerous Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites were found in blood. Multiple Maurer's clefts were found in the cytoplasm of the infected erythrocytes. Abnormal intercellular contacts between the infected and unaffected erythrocytes were revealed, which resulted in their adhesion and rosette formation (erythrocyte rosetting/e-rosetting). When studying cortical tissue and myocardial samples, fixation of the affected erythrocytes on the endothelium (erythrocyte adhesion) was noted in the capillary lumen. Rosetting and erythrocyte adhesion lead to capillary thrombosis, disruption of microcirculation and sequestration of tissues in vital organs (parasite sequestration). The identified morphological features of the pathogens causing tropical malaria and the affected tissues determine the parasites’ capability of changing properties of the infected erythrocytes’ cell membranes, which leads to formation of abnormal intercellular contacts and constitutes one of the main mechanisms underlying the Plasmodium falciparum virulence.

Modern application of mathematical methods for analyzing EEG recordings is limited due to the phenomenon of information averaging. In these conditions, it is important to find the most likely method for improving the quality of diagnosis of paroxysmal pathological patterns that have a short “life”, such as outbreaks and subclinical paroxysms. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the possibility of excluding interictal activity from a long-term EEG study in order to achieve its information “enrichment” by forming conditional sequences of pathological changes representing its main clinical task. Forty people of different ages and both sexes were examined. The control group included 20 patients aged 12–67 years with direct detection of spike-wave activity on the EEG. The comparison group consisted of 20 patients aged 10–66 years with no spike-wave activity in the recording. It has been shown that interictal data obtained in patients with epileptiform phenomena are not of significant interest for the main group of clinical studies. The exclusion of these data leads to the “enrichment” of information due to the sequential placement of paroxysmal patterns and makes it possible to obtain not only more compact results of examinations of the pathological component, but also to form a basis for developments using technologies for their subsequent mathematical analysis.